語料庫

• 讓步：
  • always, never : sometimes
  • is, are : maybe, might
  • all : many, some
  • none : few
  • absolutely : probably, possibly
  • want : recommend, intend to
  • it seems that...
  • at least
• 舉例： for eample/instance, such as, by the way of...,
• 多用 adj 子句，除可讓句式複雜，也可幫助 specified 名詞，不致太空泛抽象
• 別人會反對：There is much debate over ..., few would dispute that ...
• 論述作者： speaker
• 論述主張： broad assertion
• 邏輯錯誤： illogically, beg the question
• 相反地： To the contrary, while
• 假設： given

開頭

• However, the speaker unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to embrace ..., while ignoring certain compelling reasons why ...
• My points of contention with the speaker involve ..., as described below.

論述

• I concede that the speaker is on the correct philosophical side of the issue.

佳句 (背誦)

• Contemporary society is sometimes portrayed as dominated by the experience of change.

  The breakneck speed of technological innovation, the erosion of traditional values and royalties,

  the fickleness of consumers, and the instability of international relations

  are all from time to time cited as evidence that we live in a world radically different from the past,

  in which a sense of history and the lessons which can be drawn from it are dispensable.

  This is a superficial assessment to say the least.

• However, this claim seems to be more of a normative statement than an empirical observation.
• By departing from the status quo, iconoclasts call attention to themselves, some providing conspicuous mirrors for society, others serving as our primary catalysts for progrss.
• As a saying goes, to err is human. To this I would add: to learn from errors is progress.

例子

• According to economist Milton Friedman, there is one and only one social responsibility of business -- to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception and fraud. (然後駁斥此一觀點...)
• Paul Ehrlich, a chemist, discovered a drug to treat those afflicted with syphilis. It was named "Formula 606," because the first 605 tests were mistakes. (discovery or progress is born in mistakes)