Reading Practice Steps

1. 讀第一遍，就像臨場考試一般讀過文章、做題，讀文章 → 做標記 → 做題能定位回文章 (做題)
2. 讀第二遍，列出文章和題目的生字詳細查詢完畢，找出影響理解的難句加以分析 (理解)
3. 讀第三遍，分析原文結構類型、通篇主旨、段落大意、題目題型、解題思路、題目與原文對應文字、標誌詞，檢討自己原先標記與題目相對應位置是否有效 (分析)
4. 讀第四遍，解決完生字、難句，配上之前的分析檢討，感受一遍，真正閱讀解題流程 (感受)
5. 讀第五遍，找尋作文可用佳句句式、標誌詞 (應用)

1986 Section 2 - 1

By the time the American colonists took up arms against Great Britain in order to secure their independence, the institution of Black slavery was deeply entrenched. But the contradiction inherent in this situation was, for many, a source of constant embarrassment. "It always appeared a most iniquitous scheme to be," Abigail Adams wrote her husband in 1774, "to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have."

Many Americans besides Abigail Adams were struck by the inconsistency of their stand during the War of Independence, and they were not averse to making moves to emancipate the slaves. Quakers and other religious groups organized antislavery societies, while numerous individuals manumitted their salves. In fact within several years of the end of the War of Independence, most of the Eastern states had made provisions for the gradual emancipation of slaves.

• 17. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
  • (A) The War of Independence produced among many Black Americans a heightened consciousness of the inequities in American society.
  • (B) The War of Independence strengthened the bonds of slavery of many Black Americans while intensifying their desire to be free.
  • (C) The War of Independence exposed to many Americans the contradiction of slavery in a country seeking its freedom and resulted in efforts to resolve the contradiction.
  • (D) The War of Independence provoked strong criticism by many Americans of the institution of slavery, but produced little substantive action against it.
  • (E) The War of Independence renewed the efforts of many American groups toward achieving Black emancipation.
• 18. The passage contains information that would support which of the following statements about the colonies before the War of Independence?
  • (A) They contained organized antislavery societies.
  • (B) They allowed individuals to own slaves.
  • (C) The prohibited religious groups from political action.
  • (D) They were inconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status.
  • (E) They encouraged abolitionist societies to expand their influence
• 19. According to the passage, the War of Independence was embarrassing to some Americans for which of the following reasons?

  Ⅰ. It involved a struggle for many of the same liberties that Americans were denying to others.

  Ⅱ. It involved a struggle for independence from the very nation that had founded the colonies.

  Ⅲ. It involved a struggle based on inconsistencies in the participants' conceptions of freedom.

  • (A) Ⅰ only
  • (B) Ⅱ only
  • (C) Ⅰ and Ⅱ only
  • (D) Ⅰ and Ⅲ only
  • (E) Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ
• 20. Which of the following statements regarding American society in the years immediately following the War of Independence is best supported by the passage?
  • (A) The unexpected success of the antislavery societies led to their gradual demise in the Eastern states.
  • (B) Some of the newly independent American states had begun to make progress toward abolishing slavery.
  • (C) Americans like Abigail Adams became disillusioned with the slow progress of emancipation and gradually abandoned the cause.
  • (D) Emancipated slaves gradually were accepted in the Eastern states as equal members of American society.
  • (E) The abolition of slavery in many Eastern states was the result of close cooperation between religious groups and free Blacks.

文章大意

• 第一段：
  • During the War of Independence, for the Black slavery institution, there is a contradiction.
  • Like what Adams said, "to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those(Black slaves) who have as good a right to freedom as we have."
• 第二段：
  • During the War of Independence, many Americans struck by the inconsistency of their stand. (Quakers, religious groups, numerous individuals)
  • After the war, in Eastern states, there is gradual emancipation of slaves.

題解

• 17. (C)
  • (A) among many Black Americans (文章描述的對象應指 all Americans，而非侷限 Black Americans)
  • (B) strengthened the bonds ， intensifying their desire (Black Americans 其實只是被描述的配角，而非主角)
  • (D) provoked strong criticism ， produced little substantive action (覺得不算有 strong criticism，而且也有人真的解放、也有立法，不算 little )
  • (E) renew (renew 有重新再來的意思，imply 的是之前就有，但文章看來，之前並沒有)
• 18. (B)，選項中的 "They" 都是代稱 "the colonies before the War of Independence"
  • (A) organized antislavery societies (文章只看到 after 有 antislavery societies 產生，可以 imply 的是 before 沒有)
  • (C) prohibited religious groups from politic action (文章只看到 after 有 religious groups 投身 antislavery，沒有 prohibit；before 是怎樣，未知)
  • (D) legal definitions (文章只看到 after 所 inconsistent 的是他們的 stand，是人道、精神上的立場，而沒有法律上的問題；before 是怎樣，未知)
  • (E) encouraged to expand influence (文章都沒看到 encourage to expand influence；before 是怎樣，未知)
• 19. (A)，選項中的 "It" 都是代稱 "the War of Independence"
  • Ⅰ ok
  • Ⅱ independence from the very nation that had founded the colonies (文章中根本沒提到這段)
  • Ⅲ participants' conceptions of freedom (不是參戰者間的 freedom 概念不一致，而是感受到自己 freedom 所套用的對象立場不一致)
• 20. (B)，"immediately following the War of Independence"
  • (A) gradual demise (戰後這些活動沒有消失終止啊，才開始，且文中主要講的是 Eastern states 的 gradual emancipation)
  • (C) became disillusioned ， abandoned the cause
  • (D) accepted as equal members of American society (文中沒提到這麼 over 的一段)
  • (E) close cooperation between religious groups and free Blacks (文中沒提到這段，Blacks 在文中主要是被敘述的角色，而非有直接行為者)

文法句式

• By the time ..., ...
• 17. (C) The War of Independence exposed to many Americans the contradiction of slavery in a country seeking its freedom and resulted in efforts to resolve the contradiction.
• 17. (D) substantive action

單字

• arm
  • a means (as a weapon) of offense or defense; especially: FIREARM(槍枝) 武器
  • heraldic devices adopted by a government 紋章;徽章
  • active hostilities : WARFARE 戰爭 military service 兵役
  • up in arms : aroused and ready to undertake hostilities 激憤要開戰
• institution
  • a significant practice, relationship, or organization in a society or culture 制度,習俗
  • something or someone firmly associated with a place or thing 極有淵源的人或事
  • an act of instituting : ESTABLISHMENT 建立,設立,制定
  • an established organization or corporation (as a college or university) especially of a public character 公共團體;機構
• entrenched 根深蒂固的

  entrench (en: 動作，trench 壕溝，以壕溝圍住)

  • to place within or surround with a trench especially for defense 以壕溝圍住防守
  • to place (oneself) in a strong defensive position 強烈防衛狀態
  • to establish solidly 紮實建立
  • to dig or occupy a trench for defensive purposes 挖壕溝
  • to enter upon or take over something unfairly, improperly, or unlawfully : ENCROACH (used with on or upon) 侵犯
• inherent (inherit 繼承)
  • involved in the constitution(體質、構造、憲法、制定) or essential character of something : belonging by nature or habit : INTRINSIC 內在的;固有的,與生俱來的(+in)
• iniquitous (in: not，iqu: equal，/ ɪˈnɪkwətəs /)
  • characterized by iniquity 極不公正的;邪惡的

    VICIOUS, VILLAINOUS, INIQUITOUS, NEFARIOUS, CORRUPT, DEGENERATE mean highly reprehensible or offensive in character, nature, or conduct.

• scheme (/ skiːm /)
  • a mathematical or astronomical diagram 數學、天文圖表 a representation of the astrological aspects of the planets at a particular time 天文星圖
  • a graphic sketch or outline 圖解;大綱;摘要
  • a concise statement or table : EPITOME 簡要敘述、梗概
  • a plan or program of action; especially: a crafty or secret one 計劃;方案，尤指：詭計,陰謀
  • a systematic or organized framework : DESIGN 系統,體制,結構

    PLAN, DESIGN, PLOT, SCHEME, PROJECT mean a method devised for making or doing something or achieving an end.

    • PLAN always implies mental formulation and sometimes graphic representation plans for a house
    • DESIGN often suggests a particular pattern and some degree of achieved order or harmony a design for a new dress
    • PLOT implies a laying out in clearly distinguished sections with attention to their relations and proportions the plot of the play
    • SCHEME stresses calculation of the end in view and may apply to a plan motivated by craftiness and self-interest a scheme to defraud the government
    • PROJECT often stresses imaginative scope and vision a project to develop the waterfront
  • (v.) to form a scheme for，to form plans; also: PLOT, INTRIGUE 計劃;設計;策劃,密謀
  • persuade, inveigle : interest = scheme : plan (種類類比)
• plunder
  • to take the goods of by force (as in war) : PILLAGE, SACK (戰爭中)掠奪 invaders plundered the town
  • to take by force or wrongfully : STEAL, LOOT 搶奪
  • looter : plunder (人物動作) (from Ravage)
    • looter one that plunder or sack in war 掠奪搶劫者
  • (n.) an act of plundering : PILLAGING 搶奪 something taken by force, theft, or fraud : LOOT 搶劫、偷竊、詐欺

    SPOIL, PLUNDER, BOOTY, PRIZE, LOOT mean something taken from another by force or craft.

    • SPOIL, more commonly SPOILS, applies to what belongs by right or custom to the victor in war or political contest the spoils of political victory.
    • PLUNDER applies to what is taken not only in war but in robbery, banditry, grafting, or swindling a bootlegger's plunder.
    • BOOTY implies plunder to be shared among confederates thieves dividing up their booty.
    • PRIZE applies to spoils captured on the high seas or territorial waters of the enemy the wartime right of seizing prizes at sea.
    • LOOT applies especially to what is taken from victims of a catastrophe picked through the ruins for loot.
• struck (strike 的過去式、過去分詞) 受影響
  • AFFECT, INFLUENCE, TOUCH, IMPRESS, STRIKE, SWAY mean to produce or have an effect upon.
    • AFFECT implies the action of a stimulus that can produce a response or reaction the sight affected her to tears.
    • INFLUENCE implies a force that brings about a change (as in nature or behavior) our beliefs are influenced by our upbringing*
    • TOUCH may carry a vivid suggestion of close contact and may connote stirring, arousing, or harming plants touched by frost
    • IMPRESS stresses the depth and persistence of the effect only one of the plans impressed him.
    • STRIKE, similar to but weaker than impress, may convey the notion of sudden sharp perception or appreciation struck by the solemnity of the occasion.
    • SWAY implies the acting of influences that are not resisted or are irresistible, with resulting change in character or course of action politicians who are swayed by popular opinion.
• averse
  • having an active feeling of repugnance or distaste averse to strenuous exercise 反對的;不願意的;嫌惡的

    DISINCLINED, HESITANT, RELUCTANT, LOATH, AVERSE mean lacking the will or desire to do something indicated.

    • DISINCLINED implies lack of taste for or inclination disinclined to move again，disinclined for reading.
    • HESITANT implies a holding back especially through fear or uncertainty hesitant about asking for a date.
    • RELUCTANT implies a holding back through unwillingness a reluctant witness.
    • LOATH implies hesitancy because of conflict with one's opinions, predilections, or liking seems loath to trust anyone.
    • AVERSE implies a holding back from or avoiding because of distaste or repugnance averse to hard work，not averse to an occasional drink.
• emancipate (e: transfer，mancip: ownerhip，/ ɪˈmænsɪpeɪt /)

• to free from restraint, control, or the power of another; especially: to free from bondage 解放;使不受束縛
• to release from paternal care and responsibility and make sui juris 【律】使(孩子)擺脫家長的管教而獲得合法的權利
• to free from any controlling influence (as traditional mores or beliefs 解放

  FREE, RELEASE, LIBERATE, EMANCIPATE, MANUMIT mean to set loose from restraint or constraint.

  • FREE implies a usually permanent removal from whatever binds, confines, entangles, or oppresses freed the animals from their cages.
  • RELEASE suggests a setting loose from confinement, restraint, or a state of pressure or tension, often without implication of permanent liberation released his anger on a punching bag.
  • LIBERATE stresses particularly the resulting state of liberty liberated their country from the tyrant.
  • EMANCIPATE implies the liberation of a person from subjection or domination labor-saving devices emancipated us from household drudgery.
  • MANUMIT implies emancipation from slavery the document manumitted the slaves.
• manumit (/ˌmænjuˈmɪt/)
  • to release from slavery 【史】解放奴隸

    FREE, RELEASE, LIBERATE, EMANCIPATE, MANUMIT mean to set loose from restraint or constraint.

    • FREE implies a usually permanent removal from whatever binds, confines, entangles, or oppresses freed the animals from their cages.
    • RELEASE suggests a setting loose from confinement, restraint, or a state of pressure or tension, often without implication of permanent liberation released his anger on a punching bag.
    • LIBERATE stresses particularly the resulting state of liberty liberated their country from the tyrant.
    • EMANCIPATE implies the liberation of a person from subjection or domination labor-saving devices emancipated us from household drudgery.
    • MANUMIT implies emancipation from slavery the document manumitted the slaves.
• provision (provide)
  • the act or process of providing 供應 the fact or state of being prepared beforehand 預備;防備 a measure taken beforehand to deal with a need or contingency : PREPARATION 預備;防備
  • a stock of needed materials or supplies; especially: a stock of food; usually used in plural 食物;糧食;給養
  • PROVISO, STIPULATION 規定;條款
  • (vt.) to supply with provisions 向...供應糧食(或必需品等) (+for)

• renew (re: again，new)
  • to make like new : restore to freshness, vigor, or perfection 使更新;使復原;使恢復 as we renew our strength in sleep
  • to make new spiritually : REGENERATE 重生
  • to restore to existence : REVIVE 復活;重生 to make extensive changes in : REBUILD 重建
  • to do again : REPEAT 重做 to begin again : RESUME 重新開始;繼續
  • REPLACE, REPLENISH 補充 renew water in a tank
  • to grant or obtain an extension of or on renew a license 准予(契約等)展期;更換(執照等) to grant or obtain an extension on the loan of renew a library book 續借;續訂

    RENEW, RESTORE, REFRESH, RENOVATE, REJUVENATE mean to make like new.

    • RENEW implies a restoration of what had become faded or disintegrated so that it seems like new efforts to renew the splendor of the old castle.
    • RESTORE implies a return to an original state after depletion or loss restored a fine piece of furniture.
    • REFRESH implies the supplying of something necessary to restore lost strength, animation, or power a refreshing drink.
    • RENOVATE suggests a renewing by cleansing, repairing, or rebuilding the apartment has been entirely renovated.
    • REJUVENATE suggests the restoration of youthful vigor, powers, or appearance the change in jobs rejuvenated her spirits.
• abolitionist (abolish: 廢除、廢止、徹底破壞)
  • people fostering abolition especially of slavery 廢除主義者;廢奴主義者
• demise (/ dɪˈmaɪz /)
  • (vt.) to convey (as an estate) by will or lease (財產的)轉讓、傳(君權等);禪讓(君權等) to transmit by succession or inheritance 遺贈
  • (vi.) DIE, DECEASE 死亡、終止
  • (n.) the conveyance of an estate (財產的)轉讓 transfer of the sovereignty to a successor 傳(君權等);禪讓(君權等)
  • (n.) DEATH 死亡 a cessation of existence or activity 終止 a loss of position or status 失勢
• disillusioned (dis: not，illusion: 幻覺)
  • DISAPPOINTED, DISSATISFIED 醒悟的;不抱幻想的;幻想破滅的

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1986 Section 2 - 1

The evolution of sex ration has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females. Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a "group selection" argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930. This "genetic" argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes.

文章大意

文法句式

• The evolution of sex ration has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females.
• Two main kinds of answers have been offered.

單字

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Section

文章大意

文法句式

單字

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