Honesty vs. ETS

GRE_SC_86_99

Page history last edited by Honesty 2 yrs ago

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3

Section 1

Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

in that 因果關係 => building blocks = fundamental

Few of us take the pains to study our cherished convictions; indeed, we almost have a natural repugnance to doing so.

indeed 遞進關係，加深原意 => few (暗含「不願意」) → repugnance (厭惡)

It is his dubious distinction to have proved what nobody would think of denying, that Romero at the age of sixty-four writes with all the characteristics of maturity .

what ..., that...： 特殊並列句 (重複意識) => nobody deny(常識) 與 age of 64 (maturity)
- distinction the distinguishing of a difference; also: the difference distinguished 區別,分清
  a: the quality or state of being distinguished or worthy b: special honor or recognition c: an accomplishment that sets one apart 不同點;特徵;殊勳;榮譽;優秀;卓越

The primary criterion for judging a school is its recent performance: critics are reluctant to extend credit for earlier victories.

critics 主體字，其動詞必為 評價、讚揚、批評 => judge, evaluate
recent <> earlier 時間對比 => 轉折關係 => reluctant
- reluctant feeling or showing aversion, hesitation, or unwillingness; also: having or assuming a specified role unwillingly 不情願的;勉強的
  DISINCLINED, HESITANT, RELUCTANT, LOATH, AVERSE mean lacking the will or desire to do something indicated.

Number theory is rich in problems of an especially vexing sort: they are tantalizingly simple to state but notoriously difficult to solve.

： 後句說明前句 => ... simple to state but ... difficult to solve → vexing
but 轉折關係 => tantalizingly simple to state<> notoriously difficult to solve
- tantalizing (/ˈtæntəl-aɪzɪŋ/) possessing a quality that arouses or stimulates desire or interest; also: mockingly or teasingly out of reach 逗人的;惹弄人的
- notorious generally known and talked of; especially: widely and unfavorably known 惡名昭彰的,聲名狼藉的
- abstruse difficult to comprehend : RECONDITE 深奧的,難懂的
- ostensible (os: in the way ten: stretch) intended for display : open to view 可公開的
  being such in appearance : plausible rather than demonstrably true or real 外表的;假裝的

In failing to see that the justice's pronouncement merely qualified previous decisions rather than actually establishing a precedent, the novice law clerk overemphasized the scope of justice's judgment.

rather than 轉折關係 => qualified previous decision <> establishing a precedent
- pronouncement (nounce) a usually formal declaration of opinion 看法;決定 an authoritative announcement 宣言;公告
- precedent an earlier occurrence of something similar 先例,前例
  something done or said that may serve as an example or rule to authorize or justify a subsequent act of the same or an analogous kind 【律】判例
- qualify to limit or modify the meaning of (as a noun) 修飾,限定
- overturn to cause to turn over : UPSET 使翻轉 INVALIDATE, DESTROY 顛覆;推翻
- endorse to approve openly; especially: to express support or approval of publicly and definitely 背書;認可
- nullify to make null; especially: to make legally null and void 使無效;廢棄;取消 to make of no value or consequence 使變得無用,抵銷
  NULLIFY, NEGATE, ANNUL, ABROGATE, INVALIDATE mean to deprive of effective or continued existence.
- recapitulate to repeat the principal points or stages of : SUMMARIZE 扼要重述;概括

When theories formerly considered to be disinterested in their scientific objectivity are found instead to reflect a consistent observational and evaluative bias, then the presumed neutrality of science gives way to the recognition that categories of knowledge are human construction .

formerly 時間對比 => 轉折關係 => considered to be disinterested <> reflect a consistent observational and evaluative bias
- presume to suppose to be true without proof 假定,假設;推測,認為 to take for granted 推定,意味著 to go beyond what is right or proper 放肆*
- give way to yield oneself without restraint or control 讓步
- callous (calluses 繭，/ ˈkæləs /) being hardened and thickened 硬結的,起老繭的 feeling no emotion 冷酷無情的 feeling no sympathy for others 麻木不仁的
- imperative expressive of a command, entreaty, or exhortation 命令式的;必須服從的;專橫的 having power to restrain, control, and direct 有權的
  not to be avoided or evaded : NECESSARY 必要的;緊急的;極重要的
  MASTERFUL, DOMINEERING, IMPERIOUS, PEREMPTORY, IMPERATIVE mean tending to impose one's will on others.
  (n.) 必須履行的責任;必要的事;需要，命令;規則
- unassailable (/ ˌʌnəˈseɪləbəl/) not assailable : not liable to doubt, attack, or question 攻不破的，沒有爭論餘地的;無懈可擊的
  assail (/ əˈseɪl /) to attack violently with blows or words 攻擊,襲擊，質問;責罵
  ATTACK, ASSAIL, ASSAULT, BOMBARD, STORM mean to make an onslaught upon.

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Section 2

Although the minuet appeared simple, its intricate steps had to be studied very carefully before they could gracefully executed in public.

although 轉折關係 => simple <> intricate
- minuet (/ ˌmɪnjuˈet /) a slow graceful dance in 3/4 time characterized by forward balancing, bowing, and toe pointing 小步舞(曲)
- rudimentary consisting in first principles : FUNDAMENTAL 基本的,初步的 very imperfectly developed or represented only by a vestige 發展未完全的;殘遺的 of a primitive kind 早期的
- minute (/ maɪˈnjuːt/) very small : INFINITESIMAL 微小的 of small importance : TRIFLING 瑣細的 marked by close attention to details 詳細的;精密的
  SMALL, LITTLE, DIMINUTIVE, MINUTE, TINY, MINIATURE mean noticeably below average in size.
  CIRCUMSTANTIAL, MINUTE, PARTICULAR, DETAILED mean dealing with a matter fully and usually point by point.

The results of the experiments performed by Elizabeth Hazen and Rachel Brown were provocative not only because these results challenged old assumptions but also because they called the prevailing methodology into question.

not only ... but also ... 修飾 provocative
but also 轉折關係 => old assumptions <> prevailing methodology
- provocative serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate 氣人的;挑撥的，刺激的
- inconclusive (in: not conclu: conclusion) leading to no conclusion or definite result 非決定性的;不確定的
- intriguing engaging the interest to a marked degree : FASCINATING 吸引人的
- project (v.) to plan, figure, or estimate for the future 預計;推斷 to put or set forth : present for consideration 闡述;表明...的特性,使呈現特性
- specious having deceptive attraction or allure 華而不實的 having a false look of truth or genuineness : SOPHISTIC 像是真實的

Despite the skepticism of many of their colleagues, some scholars have begun to emphasize "pop culture" as a key for deciphering the myths, hopes, and fears of contemporary society.

despite 轉折關係 => skepticism <> emphasize
scholar 特徵動詞 decipher
- antipathy settled aversion or dislike : DISTASTE 反感,厭惡 ENMITY, HOSTILITY, ANTIPATHY, ANTAGONISM, ANIMOSITY, RANCOR, ANIMUS mean deep-seated dislike or ill will.
- entangle to wrap or twist together : INTERWEAVE 糾結 to involve in a perplexing or troublesome situation 使捲入;連累 to make complicated 使複雜
- pedantry (/ ˈpedntri /) pedantic presentation or application of knowledge or learning 假學問;賣弄學問;迂腐
  pedantic (/ pɪˈdæntɪk /) of, relating to, or being a pedant 賣弄學問的 narrowly, stodgily, and often ostentatiously learned 學究式的 UNIMAGINATIVE, PEDESTRIAN 無趣沈悶的
  pedant (/ ˈpednt /)
  - one who makes a show of knowledge 賣弄學問的人
  - one who is unimaginative or who unduly(過份地) emphasizes minutiae in the presentation or use of knowledge 學究
  - a formalist or precisionist in teaching 過份拘泥的教師
- reinstate (state) to place again (as in possession or in a former position) 使復原;使恢復;使復職

In the seventeenth century, direct flouting of a generally accepted system of values was regard as irrational , even as a sign of madness.

even 程度輕重 => irrational, even(<) ... madness
- frivolous of little weight or importance 瑣碎的;不重要的 having no sound basis (as in fact or law) 沒有根據的 lacking in seriousness 輕薄的 marked by unbecoming levity 輕浮的
- willful obstinately and often perversely self-willed 任性的;固執的 done deliberately : INTENTIONAL 故意的;存心的
  UNRULY, UNGOVERNABLE, INTRACTABLE, REFRACTORY, RECALCITRANT, WILLFUL, HEADSTRONG mean not submissive to government or control.
- impermissible not permissible 不許可的;不容許的
  permissible that may be permitted : ALLOWABLE 可允許的

Queen Elizabeth I has quite correctly been called a friend of the arts, because many young artists received her patronage.

because 因果關係 => friend ← patronage
- patronage (/ ˈpætrənɪdʒ/) the support or influence of a patron 資助,贊助 kindness done with an air of superiority 恩惠;恩賜態度
  patron (/ ˈpeɪtrən /) a wealthy or influential supporter of an artist or writer 贊助者,資助者 a person chosen, named, or honored as a special guardian, protector, or supporter 保護人;守護神
- connoisseur
- scourge

Because outlaws were denied protection under medieval law, anyone could raise a hand against them with legal impunity .

because 因果關係 denied protection → could raise a hand against
- impunity (im: not puni: punish) exemption or freedom from punishment, harm, or loss (懲罰、損失、傷害等的)免除
- propriety
- collusion (kəˈluːʒən /) secret agreement or cooperation especially for an illegal or deceitful purpose 共謀;勾結
- consent to give assent or approval : AGREE 同意,贊成,答應
  ASSENT, CONSENT, ACCEDE, ACQUIESCE, AGREE, SUBSCRIBE mean to concur with what has been proposed.

Rather than enhancing a country's security, the successful development of nuclear weapons could serve at first to increase that country's vulnerability.

rather than 轉折關係 => enhancing security <> increase vulnerability
- moderation 溫和;穩健;緩和;降低;節制
  moderate (可當 v.，n.，adj. 這列出當 v. 之意)
  - to lessen the intensity or extremeness of 使和緩,減輕,減少,節制 the sun moderated the chill
  - to preside over or act as chairman of 主持(會議討論,節目等)

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Section 3

Physicists rejected the innovative experimental technique because, although it resolved some problems, it also produced new complications .

although 轉折關係 => produce <> resolve
because 因果關係 => reject the technique ← produce new complications
- complications
  - COMPLEXITY, INTRICACY; especially: a situation or a detail of character complicating the main thread of a plot 混亂;複雜，(戲劇、小說情節發展中出現的錯綜複雜的)糾葛
  - a making difficult, involved, or intricate 糾紛;混亂;複雜(化)
  - a difficult factor or issue often appearing unexpectedly and changing existing plans, methods, or attitudes (新出現的;未預期的)困難,障礙
  - a secondary disease or condition developing in the course of a primary disease or condition 【醫】併發症