第一章 解題方法縱述
背後的法則
重複的基本規律
解題時不需反覆閱讀全句，而只需找到中心詞及邏輯關係即可
- 中心詞： 每個空格在原句中都會有一個詞或詞組與之重複，這種重複可能是同義詞直接重複，也可能為反義重複
- 邏輯關係： 空格和中心詞之間的同義、反義的關係
攻其一點，不及其餘
- 一個句子往往會有很多層邏輯關係，但我們僅需抓住空格所在的那層邏輯關係
- 根據經驗，最難的單詞永遠都出現在不需閱讀的部分，解題時只關心空格所在的邏輯結構即可
讀題幹的策略
- 先讀主幹，再讀分隔 (分隔： 主幹之外的一切成分)
- 先提煉出句子的主幹意思，再讀其他部分含意
分析的策略
- 我們分析的目的只是為了找出中心詞和邏輯關係
- 找出中心詞和邏輯關係並不依賴對全句的理解，而來源於句子結構特徵
- 解題步驟應為：
- 分析句子結構
- 根據句子結構特徵定位中心詞和邏輯關係
- 選詞
- 理解句意
- 千萬不要在尚未根據句子結構推知空格線索、仍對空格一頭霧水的情況下，就去看選項
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第二章 各種具體的解題方法 --- 分隔與黏連
各種具體的解題方法實際上就是針對英文這種語言可能出現的重複資訊的方式，大致可分為兩種：
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分隔結構
- 句子充當分隔結構的通常為： 形容詞子句, 同位語, 分詞結構, 大的介詞片語結構
- 分隔結構一旦出現則成為其前空格的答案，或者這些分隔本身具有空格，則應從分隔前的結構找尋線索
- 但若分隔中或分隔前均無空格，則此分隔即為一無用分隔，僅為一冗餘訊息，閱讀時可看過就不再予理會，不需讀這種無用分隔
- 有時分隔結構出現於主要子句中，一律跳過分隔結構，先將真正的因果、轉折、並列等主幹邏輯關係讀出來
| The state is a network of exchanged benefits and beliefs, (____ between rulers and citizens based on those laws and procedures that are ____ to the maintenance of community.) |
此句主幹： The state is a network of exchanged benefits and beliefs
其餘皆為分隔結構，同位語，修飾 a network of ...
| It has been argued that politics as ____, (whatever its transcendental claims), has always been the systematic organization of common hatreds. |
此句主幹： politics ... has always been the systematic organization ...
(whatever its transcendental claims) 為分隔結構，修飾前一空格，而 whatever 又說明，此空格應與 transcendental claims 構成反義關係
| In a most impressive demonstration, P sailed through V's "Celeste Aida", normally a tenor's ____, with the casual enthusiasm of a folk singer (performing one of his favorite ____.) |
此句主幹： P sailed through V's ... with ...
可僅看空格處之分隔結構： (performing one of his favorite ____)，形容詞子句，修飾 a folk singer，空格應與之相關
以上三個例句的分隔在解題中都起了舉足輕重的作用
但若分隔中或分隔前均無空格，則此分隔即為一無用分隔，僅為一冗餘訊息，閱讀時可看過就不再予理會，不需讀這種無用分隔
| The valedictory address, (as it has developed in American colleges and universities over the years), has become a very strict form, (a literary ____ that permits very little ____.) |
第一分隔： (as it has developed in American colleges and universities over the years)，與空格毫無關係，為一無用分隔
第二分隔： (a literary ____ that permits very little ____.)，有空格，且形成同位語，可知第二空格會與 strict form 成反義關係
| Eric was frustrated because, (although he was adept at making lies sound ____), when telling the truth, he ____ the power to make himself believed. |
此句主幹： Eric was frustrated because when ... he ____ the power to make himself believed.
由主幹的因果關係即可推出第二空格之答案，故可先跳過分格結構就推知答案
有時分隔結構出現於主要子句中，一律跳過分隔結構，先將真正的因果、轉折、並列等主幹邏輯關係讀出來
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黏連結構
上下句的黏連
以分號、逗號或冒號分開的上下兩句中：直接同義重複、雙重否定與肯定句重複、主動句與被動句重複、逆否命題重複、比較句重複、手段目的句重複、特殊並列句重複、時間對比句重複
讀下半句時主動尋找與上半句重複之處
直接同義重複
| Natural selection tends to eliminate genes that cause inherited diseases , acting most strongly against the most severe disease; Consequently, hereditary diseases that are ____ would be expected to be very ____, but, surprisingly, they are not. |
上半句： inherited diseases 被 most severe 修飾
下半句： hereditary diseases 被第一空格修飾
可推得： 第一空格應有 most severe 之意
雙重否定與肯定句重複
| Parts of seventeenth-century Chinese pleasure gardens were not necessarily intended to look ____; they were designed expressly to evoke the agreeable melancholy resulting from a sense of the ____ of natural beauty and human glory. |
上半句： parts of ... not intended to ... ____ (否定句)
下半句： they ... designed to ... agreeable melancholy
可推得 第一空格應為 agreeable melancholy 之反義詞
| The struggle of the generation is one of the obvious constants of human affairs; therefore, it may be presumptuous to suggest that the rivalry between young and old in western society during the current decade is ____ critical. |
上半句： struggle ... obvious constants ... (肯定句)
下半句： presumptuous to suggest ... rivalry between young and old ... is ____ critical ... (雙重否定)
可推得： 空格應填「非 constant」
(雙重否定句式： it's wrong/foolish/presumptuous to say that ...)
主動與被動句重複
通常主動句變被動句結構為「A→B ; B→by A」但也可進一步變為「非A→非B ; B→by A」
| An investigation that is ____ can occasionally yield new facts, even notable ones; typically the appearance of such facts is the result of a search in a definite direction. |
上半句： an investigation is ____ yield new facts (主動句： 非A→非B)
下半句： such facts is the result of ... definite direction (被動句： B→is the result of A)
可推得： 空格應與 definite direction 成反義詞
(被動句句式： by, is the result/outgrowth/product of)
逆否命題重複
| Any population increase beyond a certain level necessitate greater ____ vegetable foods; thus, the ability of a society to choose meat over cereals always rises, in part, from ____ the number of people |
上半句： P↑ → V↑
下半句： V↓ → P(?)
可推得： 空格應為「下降」相關
比較句重複
| Although some consider forcefulness and ____ to be two traits desirable to the same degree, I think that making a violent effort is much less useful than maintaining a steady one. |
上下兩句均為比較句，則兩個比較句的比較雙方根本不會發生改變，相應地填到空格中即可
上半句比較對象：forcefulness，____ (to the same degree 構成 同級比較，ex: as ... as ...)
下半句比較對象：making a violent effort，maintaining a steady effort
可推得： 空格應與 maintaining a steady effort 相關
| Although scientists claim that the seemingly ____ language of their reports is more precise than figurative language of fiction, the language of science, like all language, is inherently ____. |
只出現一次比較結構，要求填出比較的另一方，則比較的雙方要有概念的交集並有對比才能比較
比較對象： ____ language 和 figurative language
可推得： 空格應與 figurative 對比
| In most native American cultures, an article used in prayer or ritual is made with extraordinary attention to and richness of details; it is decorated more ____ than a similar article intended for ____ use. |
只出現一次比較結構，要求填出比較的另一方，則比較的雙方要有概念的交集並有對比才能比較
比較對象： it (an article used in prayer or ritual) 和 a similar article intended for ____ use
可推得： 空格應與 an article used in prayer or ritual 對比
手段目的句重複
| Social tensions among adult factions can be ____ by politics, but adolescents and children have no such ____ for resolving their conflict with the exclusive world of adults. |
上半句： social tensions ... can be ____ by politics (by 表現出手段目的)
下半句： have no such ____ for resolving their conflict ... (for 表現出手段目的)
可推得： 第一空格應與 resolving 相關，第二空格應與 politics 有類似概念性質
(手段目的句式： by, for, in terms of)
| The natural balance between prey and predator is increasingly ____, most frequent by human intervention. |
句中只出現一次 by 的手段目的句，要求填出手段或目的
此時給出的手段往往是動詞的變化形式，如動名詞或其抽象名詞，則目的部分直接填出該動詞即可
反過來，已知目的要填手段，採取同樣的方式即可
如此句，目的部分就填手段 intervention 的動詞形式或該動詞之同義詞
特殊並列句重複
只要存在兩個子句同時擔當句子的一個成分的情況，就出現了特殊並列句
解題應在兩個並列子句之間進行推理，不必考慮子句與主要句的關係
| The poet W.H. Auden believed that the greatest poets of his age were almost necessarily irresponsible, that the possession of great gifts ____ the ____ to abuse them. |
第一並列子句： that the greatest poets ... were almost necessarily irresponsible
第二並列子句： that the great gifts ____ the ____ to abuse them
因此可推得出： 兩個空格應帶有 were almost necessarily 之意
| Regardless of what ____ theories of politics may propound, there is nothing that requires daily politics to be clear, thorough, and consistent, that is, that requires reality to conform to theory. |
修飾 nothing 有兩個並列子句：
第一並列子句： nothing that requires daily politics to be clear, thorough, and consistent => daily politics 不需要 clear, thorough, and consistent
第二並列子句： nothing that requires reality to conform to theory => reality 不需要 conform to theory
因此可推得出： daily politics 是 reality，不需要 clear, thorough, and consistent，而空格是修飾 theory，則需要 clear, thorough, and consistent
時間對比句重複
讀題時，應將所有標誌時間的詞都標記出來，包括： once, formerly, initial pristine, recent, erstwhile, hereto, hitherto, now, future, begin, start, create, until, no longer, ...
時間相反，一切對稱成分相反。相反的時間，會有相反的動作、目的、原因、狀態、觀點、...
時間相同，則對稱狀態應相同
| Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaption to be a product of selection at the level of populations; recent studies of evolution, however, have found no ____ this ____ view of selection. |
上半句： before
下半句： recent，this 指代上半句的觀點
可推得： 下半句要反駁上半句，空格得選「反對駁斥」態度的選項
| Having fully embraced the belief that government by persuasion is preferable to government by ____, the leaders of the movement have recently ____ most of their previous statements supporting totalitarianism. |
一個句子內部只要出現時間對比也可以同樣處理
下半句動詞時間是 recently，但受詞是 previous，所以該動詞空格就填「反對駁斥」的動詞
| While she initially suffered the fate of many pioneers --- the incomprehension of her colleagues --- octogenarian Nobel laureate Barbara McClintock has lived to ____ the triumph of her once ____ scientific theories. |
此句中 initially 和 once 都指過去，時間相同，則對稱狀態應相同，故空格應填上過去的狀態即可，即 the incomprehension of her colleagues
| No longer ____ by the belief that the world around us was expressly designed for humanity, many people try to find intellectual ____ for that lost certainty in astrology and in mysticism. |
no longer 只能修飾過去的某動作或狀態，表示其不再發生，
所以 no longer 所修飾限定的對象一定是過去的那個動作或狀態
此句 that lost certainty 即指 the belief that ...，所以過去狀態是 certain，那麼 no longer 之後的空格也要有此意味
| Until the current warming trend exceeds the range of normal climatic fluctuations, there will be, among scientists, considerable ____ the possibility that increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 can cause long-term warming effects. |
until 所處的子句，表發生的動作： warming trends exceeds the range ...
主要子句表「until 發生之前的動作」： ____ the possibility ... increasing level of ... warming effects
時間相反，對稱狀態也相反，則可推得： 空格應填「不確定」
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小連接的黏連
句子會出現各種連接詞： and, but, rather than, even, although, as ... as ..., so ... as to ... 等
這些連接詞可以幫我們解決邏輯關係這項要求，而中心詞定位則會在小連接中簡單異常，而在大連接中則無法完成定位
- 小連接： 連詞的兩端為兩個形容詞、動詞、副詞或不定式結構
- 大連接： 連詞連接的是兩個句子
| Even though formidable winters are the norm in Dakotas, many people were unprepared for the ____ of the blizzard of 1888. |
此句即為大連接，可由連接詞 even though 之上下的邏輯關係為「轉折」，但未必能清楚定位空格所對應的中心詞為 formidable 或 norm
| Although ancient tools were ____ preserved, enough have survived to allow us to demonstrate an occasionally interrupted but generally ____ process through prehistory. |
Although 點出轉折關係，但其為大連接，並無明顯功用
but 亦點出反義關係，且為小連接，連接兩形容詞： interrupted but ____
則可推知空格應為 interrupted 之反義詞
| The new biological psychiatry does not deny the contributing role of psychological factors in mental illness, but posits that these factors may act as a catalyst on existing physiological conditions and ____ such illness. |
but 雖點出轉折，但為大連接無明顯功用
and 點出因果順序關係，且為小連接，連接兩動詞： act as a catalyst and ____ such illness
則可推知空格應與 catalyst 性質相關
| The technical know-how, if not the political ____, appears already at hand to feed the world's exploding population and so to ____ at last the ancient famine. |
and so 點出因果順序關係，且為小連接，連接兩不定式： to feed the world's exploding population and so to ____ the ancient famine
所以空格應為 feed 完之後的後果，應可「滅絕」 ancient famine
| Although the minuet appeared simple, its ____ steps had to be studied very carefully, before they could be gracefully ____ in public. |
大連接的一端為判斷句，另一端出現空格，此時也可認定空格與判斷詞互相重複，該判斷詞即為中心詞
此句 simple 即為中心詞，故空格中得尋找 simple 之反義詞
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照應結構的黏連
照應結構： 句子行文中直接點明的重複手法，如： 人稱代名詞, 指示代名詞, 定冠詞
此時將重複部分填回空格即可
| Though extremely ____ about his own plans, the man allowed his associates no such privacy and was constantly ____ information about what they intended to do next. |
such privacy 指明上句曾出現 privacy，但上句未曾出現，則可知空格為唯一可能出現之處
(allow sb. sth.)
| Londale and stern discovered that mitochondria and chloroplasts ____ a long, identifiable sequence of DNA; such a coincidence could be ____ only by the transfer of DNA between the two systems. |
such a coincidence 表明上句曾出現過一次「重複、重合、巧合」之意，但上文卻未曾出現，則可知空格為唯一可能出現之處
| Doreen justifiably felt she deserved recognition for the fact the research institute had been ____ a position of preeminence, since it was she who had ____ the transformation. |
for the fact that ... 引導了一段原因解釋子句
而 since ... 也引導了一段原因解釋子句
故兩者是重複關係，所以第二空格後的 the transformation 應對照上文某處，而上文卻沒有任何 transformation 含意，則可知第一空格為唯一可能出現之處
| At several points in his discussion, Graves, in effect, ____ evidence when it does not support his argument, tailoring it to his needs. |
句中的代名詞 it 指代的是 evidence，而 evidence 前要求填一動詞，就填 it 之前的動詞的相關詞彙
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主體詞的黏連
主體詞 是指一個句中起到題眼作用的詞，可分為三種：主體動詞, 表人物身份的名詞, 描述人或事物性質或特徵動作的詞
主體動詞
- 表前後一致的主體動詞： **continue, remain***
- 表反面轉折的主體動詞： shift from ... to ...、oscillate between ... and ...、turn to、reconcile ... and ...
| The First World War began in a context of jargon and verbal delicacy and continued in a cloud of ____ as ____ as language and literature, skillfully used, could make it. |
continue 為主體動詞，前後為一致關係，故空格中應填上 jargon amd verbal delicacy
| Opponents of the expansion of the market economy, although in ____, continued to constitute ____ political force throughout the century. |
雖無 continue 之前狀態的線索，但配合 although 的轉折可知，有「雖有轉折但仍持續...」的意涵
(其實僅依 although 的轉折意涵即可推知，兩空格應為「轉折反義」關係)
表人物身份的名詞
表示人物身份的名詞也有直接提示作用：
- critics 的動作只能在 judge, evaluate, praise, criticize, assail ... 當中選擇
- doctor 的動作永遠都是恢復健康，salvage
- entrepreneur 考慮問題的角度永遠都是是否盈利
- 下級對上級的指令 幾乎都是 服從
描述人或事物性質和特徵動作的主體詞
描述人或事物性質和特徵動作的方式有：
- 判斷句，如： the minuet appeared simple
- regard ... as ... 或 view/consider/label/portray/ ... as ...，如 we label him as a novice musician
- 所有格加特徵性格或特徵動作，如： his intransigence
- of 結構後置形容詞，如： a critic of vanity
有兩種考法：
- 將其置於一個複雜的主從句中，此時要記住，不管是發生何種邏輯關係都是針對主體詞而來
- 上四種結構在上下句中重複出現，來描述人或物的性格或動作，只需辨認出來並填回相對應的位置
| Foucault's rejection of the concept of continuity in western thought, though radical, was not unique; he had ____ in the United States who, without knowledge of his work, developed parallel ideas. |
上半句為判斷句，判斷 F's rejection ... was not unique，所以下半句的空格應為 not unique 之同義字
| It is ironic that a critic of such overwhelming vanity now suffers from a measure of the oblivion to which he was forever ____ others; in the end, all his ____ has only worked against him. |
上半句用了第四種方法： a critic of such vanity
下半句用了第三種方法： his ____
故空格應填上與 vanity 相關之字詞
| Every prey to vagrant impulses that impelled him to ____ his talents on a host of unworthy projects, his very ____ nonetheless enhanced his reputation, for the sheer energy of his extravagance dazzled observers. |
兩處使用了第三種方法： his very ____ 和 his extravagance
故空格應填選與 extravagance 相關之詞彙
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