31. According to some physicians, diabetes is caused neither by heredity alone or by environment alone,

      __but__ by the interaction of the __two__.

key： (B)，__neither ... nor ...__

詳析：1. According to ..._ prep 片，不是 basic element

          2. S(diabetes) + V(is caused) ... + neither ... nor ..., but ...

          3. diabetes 屬於 看上去像複數，實為單數的名詞，(A) 沒錯

          4. neither ... nor ... but ...

單字：1. physician 內科醫生

          2. diabetes 糖尿病

          3. heredity 遺傳 (inherit)

              the process by which mental and physical qualities are passed from a parent to a child before the child is born

32. People long ago realized that dogs were not only useful for protection ______.

     (A) be obedient     (B) but also obedient     (C) and also obedient     (D) in order to obedient

key： (B)，__not only ... but also ...__

詳析：1. that 名詞子句當 realized 的受詞

單字：1. obedient 服從的,順從的;恭順的 (obey)

              always doing what you are told to do, or what the law, a rule etc says you must do

33. According to psychologists, family problems as well as social conditions contribution to alienation, aggression and __crime__.

key： 整句缺動詞，(B)，應改成 contribute

詳析：1. According to ... prep 片語，不是 basic element

          2. as well as 是 conj 可以連接兩名詞，但較強調前者

單字：1. psychologist 心理學家

          2. social conditions 社會環境

              conditions: all the things that affect the way something happens

          3. contribute to 促成,捐助,為...寫稿

              to help to make something happen

          4. alienation 隔閡、疏遠

              when someone becomes less friendly, understanding, or willing to give support as the result of something that happens or is done

          5. aggression 侵略

              angry or threatening behaviour or feelings that often result in fighting

34. A mesmerizing orator and a master of propaganda, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, ______ surrendered to the victorious Allies.

     (A) so     (B) instead     (C) rather than     (D) rather not

key： 有 committed 及 surrendered 兩組動詞，需有 conj，(C)，so 文意不合

詳析：1. A mesmerizing orator and a master of propaganda 是 Hitler 的同位語

          2. S同位語 + S + V ... + rather than + V ...

          3. so 文意不合，instead 是 adv.，沒有 rather not 的用法

單字：1. mesmerizing 迷惑人的 (mesmerize: 對 ... 施催眠術,迷住(常用被動態: 被 ... 迷住))

              mesmerize, mesmerise:

              if you are mesmerized by someone or something, you cannot stop watching them or listening to them

              because they are so attractive or have such a powerful effect

          2. orator 演說者;雄辯家 (oral)

              someone who is good at making speeches and persuading people

          3. propaganda 宣傳,宣傳活動(或計劃,方法)(通常是偏執一方的、政治的)

              information which is false or which emphasizes just one part of a situation, used by a government or political group to make people agree with them

          4. committed suicide 自殺 (用 committe)

          5. Allies (第一次世界大戰時的)協約國,(第二次世界大戰時的)同盟國

35. ______ at first lack the capacity both to undersatnd their environment and to reason about it coherently is the central idea of Piaget's child psychology.

     (A) What children     (B) Where children     (C) Children     (D) That children

key： (D)，that 名詞子句當主詞

詳析：1. That ... 名詞子句常常會擺在句首當主詞

          2. what、where 雖然也都是名詞子句 conj，但 what = sth. that，本句不缺那個 "sth."，而 where 文意不合

          3. (C) 只有 children 又會出現兩個完整句子卻沒有 conj 的情況

單字：

36. Different people tending to arrange their ideas on the same subject in quite different ways, and how a person thinks largely determines how he writes.

key： (A)，前半句缺一主要動詞，應改成 tend

詳析：1. 後半句 how a person thinks 名詞子句當主詞，__how he writes__ 名詞子句當 determines 的受詞

單字：1. tend to 傾向;易於

              if something tends to happen, it happens often and is likely to happen again

37. Some of the worries about artificial intellegence were closely linked to the question of ______.

     (A) computers could think     (B) think what the computers     (C) whether computers could think     (D) thinking what a aomputer could

key： 空格處一定是個名詞，(C)，whether 名詞子句

詳析：

單字：

38. The basic assumption of Freud's psychoanalytic conception of human behavior is much of our behavior stems from unconscious processes.

key： 有 is 及 stems 兩組動詞，需有 conj，(C)，應將後半句改成 that 名詞子句 當主詞補語，is that much

詳析：1. S(assumption) + be-V(is) + SC(that 名詞子句)

單字：1. stem from 起源於,由...而造成

              to develop as a result of something else

39. The framework of national income accounting is based on the idea when national expenditures equal national income.

key： (D)，此處後半附屬子句修飾的是 idea，並非時間，應改成 that

詳析：1. 改成 that 成為名詞子句(附屬子句結構完整，不缺名詞，非adj 子句)當 idea 的同位語

          2. 若將 when 留著且視為表時間 adv 子句 文意上說不過去，且 idea 意義不足

          3. 人 base A on B → A is based on B (by 人)

單字：1. expenditure 支出額(可數)

              the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time

40. It is ______ that accounts for the company's prodigious output of successful new products.

     (A) constant watchfulness for opportunities is     (B) that constant watchfulness for opportunities

     (C) constant watchfulness for opportunities     (D) constant watchfulness if

key： (C)，__It is ... that ...__ 強調語氣句型

詳析：1. 原句：Constant watchfulness for opportunities accounts for the company's prodigious output of successful new products.

              It is ... that ... 強調語氣句型除了動詞都能強調，此句強調 constant watchfulness for opportunities，

          2. 另有一 It 當先行主詞之句型當真主，但此句並非此句型，因為若為該句型，that 就是引導名詞子句，名詞子句需結構完整，但此句 that 後缺主詞

單字：1. account for 解釋,說明;對...負責

              to give a satisfactory explanation of why something has happened or why you did something

          2. prodigious 龐大的;異常的;驚人的;奇妙的

              very large or great in a surprising or impressive way

          3. watchfulness 警覺(性)

              very careful to notice what is happening, and to make sure that everything is all right

41. ______ that health hazards associated with smoking were discovered.

     (A) No until the early fifties     (B) No until the early fifties it was     (C) Until the early fifties it was not     (D) It was not until the early fifties

key： (D)，__It is ... that ...__ 強調語氣句型

詳析：1. 原句：Health hazards associated with smoking were not discovered until the early fifties.

              It is ... that ... 強調語氣句型除了動詞都能強調，此句強調 not until the early fifties

單字：

42. Joseph Clark Grew was a dipolmat which was born in Boston in 1880 and came of a patrician baking family.

key： (B)，diplomat 是人的職稱，非物，應改成 who 或 that

詳析：1. 年份不加the，(C) 對 (但年代要加: the 1840's)

單字：1. diplomat 外交官

              someone who officially represents their government in a foreign country

          2. come of (come from) 出身於

          2. patrician 貴族的,高貴的

              typical of a member of the highest class in society

43. Walt Disney is a classic example of a man of creative genius, which had an incredible ability to combine fantasy with reality.

key： (B)，修飾的是 man 而非 genius，應改成 who 或 that

詳析：1. adj 子句修飾的不一定是最靠近的名詞

單字：

44. In the 12th Century, the Pueblo Indians fled west to what is Hopi and Zuni country also east to the Rio Grand.

key： (D)，需要 conj 但 also 是 adv，應改成 and

詳析：1. the + 序數

          2. what = sth that (本句：a place that)

          3. 若想改 where，得改成 N 子句： where Hopi and Zuni country is

          4. S(the PI) + V(fled) + O(west to ...) + and + O (west to ...)

單字：1. fled (flee 的過去式) 逃、消失

              to leave somewhere very quickly, in order to escape from danger

45. Opinion polls are very popular around election time because everyone wants to know that the voters are thinking about the key issues of the campaign.

key： (C)，此句之 think 屬 Vt： __think + O + about sth__，改成 what

詳析：1. 若以 that 當 think 之受詞，則此 that 所引導之附屬子句屬 adj 子句，但 adj 子句前卻無可修飾之名詞

              又若以名詞子句視之，則附屬子句中缺受詞，結構不完整...(名詞子句需結構完整)

              改成 what，what = sth. that，sth. 當主要子句 know 之受詞，並讓 sth. that 的that 所引導之 adj 子句修飾，且此 that 在附屬子句中當 think 之受詞

          2. 簡單說，只要想常用的疑問句用法： "What do you think about him?"、"What do you think about his speech?"

              則此句後半之名詞子句亦可想成： "What are the voters thinking about the key issues of the campaign?"

              改成名詞子句寫法，不倒裝，即是： "what the voters are thinking about the key issues of the campaign"

          3. 也就是這麼想： "__what do you think__ __about him__?"，about sth 並不是跟 think 連在一起的...

              (當然 think 也可當 Vi，也有 "I'll think about it!" 這樣的用法，但在此非這樣的用法)

單字：1. around election time

46. The Sun's gravity is that keeps the planets in their orbits.

key： (B)，應改成 what

詳析：1. that 若在此句想當名詞子句 conj，則該子句缺主詞，結構不完整 (名詞子句需結構完整)

              若改當形容詞子句 conj，則無欲修飾之名詞 (形容詞子句採後位修飾，不直接當補語)

          2. what = sth. that，sth. 當主要子句之補語，並讓 sth. that 的that 所引導之 adj 子句修飾，且此 that 在附屬子句中當主詞

          3. Sun 要加 the

單字：

47. Stock markets are specific places ______ shares of stocks.

     (A) people buy and sell     (B) whcich people buy and sell     (C) people buy and sell which     (D) at which people buy and sell

key： (D)，which 引導 adj 子句卻結構完整，則考慮 prep + O，prep 可提前

詳析：1. (A)、(C) 在 are, buy and sell 兩組動詞間皆無 conj，錯

          2. 若選 (B) 則該 adj 子句主詞、動詞、受詞都有了，結構完整，則 which 此關係代名詞沒有可以扮演的角色

          3. 在附屬子句大剖析裡有這麼一句：adj 子句之從屬子句必缺 S or O，若其結構完整，則考慮 prep + O，此處 at which 即形成表地點之 prep 片

          4. 表地點之 in which、at which 其實可以直接套換成 where

單字：

48. The way ______ people carry out their beliefs may differ, resulting in a great variety of styles.

     (A) of     (B) by     (C) for whom     (D) in which

key： (D)，(A)、(B)、(C) 都錯，直接劃掉就畫到剩 (D) 啦 -.-

詳析：1. 挑出形容詞子句來看: in which people carry out their beliefs 這是 prep + O 的 prep 提前的結果，而這 which 代稱的就是該形容詞所修飾的 the way

          2. S(The way) V1(may differ), V2-ing(resulting in)...

              S V1 and V2 → S V1, V2-ing (V 有 2 個，以 and 連接，若死都不要 and: 去 and → 加逗點 → 改 ing)

              不過，自己的感覺是：以 and 連接感覺比較分隔，而改以 -ing 則有連結緊湊之感 :P

單字：

49. The surface of the Earth is covered by large tectonic plates, on that the continents __sit__.

key： (C)，that 之前不接 prep，改用 which (人的話，改用 who)

詳析：1. adj 子句 prep + O 的 prep 可提前

          2. on which 可用 where 套換

          3. the + Earth

單字：1. tectonic plates 地殼板塊

          2. continent 大陸,陸地;大洲

50. It was ______ horse-drawn diners were replaced by modern electric cars that the diner became popular.

     (A) not until 1897 when     (B) not until 1897 that     (C) not until 1897 where     (D) not until 1897 which

key： (A)，陷阱題，雖是 It is ... that ... 強調語氣句型，但 that 已在題目中，選項裡不需再有 that

詳析：1. 還原： The diner did not become popular until 1897 when horse-drawn diners were replaced by modern electric cars.

              (意思是，1897 modern electric cars 的餐車取代 horse-drawn 的餐車，餐車式餐廳才又變得 popular)

          2. 長得像 It is ... that ... 強調語氣句型的要小心陷阱不要一看到 It is ... 就急著找 that

          3. where，關係副詞，後位修飾前面的名詞 1897，其附屬子句結構完整

          4. 年代不加 the: not until 1897

單字：1. drawn (draw 的過去分詞： draw, drew, drawn) 拉

              n a particular direction by pulling them gently

          2. diner 餐車式簡便餐廳、用餐的人 (←→ dinner)

              a small restaurant that serves cheap meals

51. It is illegal to shoot an alligator in the Everglades when animals are under the protection of the National Park Service.

key： (B)，修飾的是地點，不是時間，應改成 where

詳析：1. It 當先行主詞之句型，後面的 to shoot an alligator ... 才是真主詞 (避免頭重腳輕，採It 當先行主詞)

          2. where，關係副詞，後位修飾前面的名詞 Everglades，其附屬子句結構完整，亦可套換成 in which

單字：1. alligator 短吻鱷

          2. under the protection of ...

52. ______ some universities rely almost entirely on private rather than on public sources of funds, they are independnet of government control.

     (A) Consequently     (B) Therefore     (C) Because     (D) So

key： (C)，需找連 conj

詳析：1. (A)、(B) 只是 adv，(D) 的文意不合

單字：1. be independent of

          2. rely on

53. Little Women was too successful in displaying the warmth and sensibility that it was translated into several languages and won a universal appeal.

key： (A)，__so ... that ...__

詳析：1. so ... that ... 句型的 that 為 adv 子句 conj，其附屬子句結構完整

          2. appeal 當「呼籲,請求」為可數名詞，當「吸引力」則為不可數名詞

          3. universal 雖為 u 開頭，但其音標為 [j] 開頭，非母音，使用 a 而非 and

單字：1. warmth 溫暖;親切;熱情;熱烈

              friendliness and happiness

          2. sensibility 敏感,善感

              the way that someone reacts to particular subjects or types of behaviour

54. Although Thmoas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, but it was John Adams that became its leading advocate in debate.

key： (B)，although 和 but 不會出現在同一句子

詳析：1. 後半主要子句為 it is ... that ... 強調語氣句型，強調 John Adams

          2. in debate: in ？、debate 可數不可數 ？

單字：1. debate 辯論、辯論會

              discussion of a particular subject that often continues for a long time and in which people express different opinions

55. No matter how______, some animals seem to have a built-in compass and know automatically the way to go home.

     (A) far away they may be     (B) they may be far away     (C) may they be far away     (D) they far away may be

key： (A)，no matter how + adj/adv 是 adv 子句 conj

詳析：

單字：1. compass 羅盤,指南針

              an instrument that shows directions and has a needle that always points north

56. The Nile River in Egypt floods ______ a star called Sirius appears in the dawn sky.

     (A) and     (B) but     (C) however     (D) whenever

key： (D)，whenever = any time when

詳析：1. 空格前半有 floods、後半有 appears，兩組動詞，需有 conj，(C) 錯

          2. (A)、(B) 文意不合

          3. when 與 whenever 的差別： 其實空格填 when 文法上也沒錯，但 whenever 有強調「每逢」

          4. flood 可當 Vi

單字：1. Sirius 天狼星

          2. dawn 黎明,拂曉

              the time at the beginning of the day when light first appears

57. For more than half a century, labor leader Mother Jones appeared ______ there were labor troubles.

   (A) there     (B) wherever     (C) somewhere     (D) the time wherever

key： (B)，wherever = any place where

詳析：1. 空格前半有 appeared、後半有 were，兩組動詞，，需有 conj，(A)、(C) 錯

          2. somewhere: 副詞 or 名詞

          3. wherever 不修飾 time (D) 錯

          4. where 與 wherever 的差別： 其實空格填 where 文法上也沒錯，但wherever 有強調「每處、各地」

          5. appear 當「出現」為 Vi

單字：