1. ______ sexed-influenced gene causes the male index finger to be shorter than the fourth finger

   is generally agreed uopn by the authorities in genetics.

   (A) Until     (B) It was a     (C) A     (D) That a

key： (D)，that 引導名詞子句當主詞

詳析：1. That S V O ... is generally agreed upon ...

          2. 有 causes、is 兩組動詞，需 conj，(A) Until 雖為 conj，但其構成 adv 子句，主要子句還是缺主詞，且意思說不通

單字：1. index finger 食指 (middle finger: 中指，ring finger: 無名指，little finger：小指)

              the finger next to your thumb

2. ______ trading system promotes the efficient allocation of resources is a fact accepted by economists.

   (A) An open     (B) That an open     (C) Although     (D) There is an open

key： (B)，that 引導名詞子句當主詞

詳析：1. That S V O ... is a fact ......

          2. 有 promotes、is 兩組動詞，需 conj，(C) 的 although 雖為 conj，但其構成 adv 子句，主要子句還是缺主詞，且意思也不通

          3. accepted by economists 是 adj 子句減化 省略 which is 的結果

單字：1. promote 促進

              to help something to develop or increase

3. The longest river is the Nile River in Egypt, ______ more than four thousand miles.

   (A) and flowing     (B) how it flows     (C) it flows     (D) which flows

key： (D)，which 引導 adj 子句修飾 the Nile River

詳析：1. adj 子句可略去不看，不影響句子結構

          2. 關係代名詞在 adj 子句中有 N 功能，此句 which 在從屬子句中扮演主詞功能

          3. (A) 改成 and flows 也可，(B) how 引導的名詞子句在主要子句沒有可扮演的角色，(C) 多了動詞，卻沒有 conj

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4. Lyndon Johnson won a Democratic primary run-off election in 1948, ______ he was relatively obscure at that time.

   (A) how     (B) in spite of     (C) because of     (D) even though

key： (D)，even though 為 conj

詳析：1. 有 won、was 兩組動詞，需 conj，(B)、(C) 都是 prep 片，(A) 引導名詞子句在主要子句中沒有可扮演的角色

          2. 年份不加 the，年代才要加: in 1948

單字：1. Democratic (大寫)民主黨的

          2. primary 初選

              an election in the US at which people vote to decide who will be a party's candidate for a political position in the main election

          3. run-off 決勝選舉(第一回合勝負未分再一回合的)

              a second competition or election that is arranged when there is no clear winner of the first one

          4. obscure 模糊的;無名的;晦澀的

              not well known and usually not very important

5. ______ a borrower has committed an act of bankruptcy, creditors can ask a bankruptcy court to dispose of the debtor's assets to meet their claims.

   (A) How     (B) And     (C) That     (D) When

key： (D)，when 引導表時間的 adv 子句

詳析：1. 雖然四選項皆為 conj，但 (A) How、(C) That 所引導的名詞子句在主要子句中沒有可扮演的角色，要當同位語也說不通

          2. (B) And 不會出現在聚首，且文意不通

單字：1. creditor 債權人;貸方

              a person, bank, or company that you owe money to

          2. court 法庭,法院;網球場

          3. dispose of 讓或賣掉,解決,處理,除去,扔掉

              to sell something, especially part of a business

          4. debtor 債務人 (debt)

              a person, group, or organization that owes money

          5. assets (複數)財產,資產

              the things that a company owns, that can be sold to pay debts

          5. claim (對某事物的)權利

              an official request for money that you think you have a right to

6. Although Lincoln lost his election for the Senate seat in 1858, he gained a national reputation that it continued to grow.

key： (D)，adj 子句裡必缺 S or O，若結構完整則考慮 prep + O，it 應省去

詳析：1. Although ... 為 adv 子句，不是 basic element

          2. 此題 that 引導的 adj 子句 多了個 S

          3. 年份不用加 the，年代才要

單字：1. Senate (大寫) 參議院

7. John Kennedy published his senior thesis, a study of England's reaction to fascism, ______ in England.

   (A) had been undertaken     (B) had undertaken it     (C) which had been undertaken     (D) which it had been undertaken

key：(C)，which 引導 adj 子句，adj 子句裡必缺 S or O，若結構完整則考慮 prep + O

詳析：1. a study of ...... 是 his senior thesis 的 同位語

          2. S(john kennedy) + V (published) + O(his senior thesis) + O 之同位語 + adj 子句(修飾 study，也就是前面的 thesis)

單字：1. senior thesis 學士論文 (?) (freshman, junior, sophomore, senior)

          2. reaction to

          3. fascism 法西斯主義

          4. undertake 接受

              to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and start to do it

8. Franklin Roosevelt held the post of assistant secretary of the Navy until 1920 when was nominated for vice president.

key： (D)，when(在此題為關係副詞) 引導 adv 子句，adv 子句需結構完整，應改成 he was

詳析：1. 年份不加 the，年代才要

          2. Navy 因各國都有，故用 the 限定

單字：1. post (position)

              a job, especially an important one in a large organization

          2. held the post

9. Margret Mead wanted to go to the South Pacific in where old culture had not been spoilt by modern __ideas__.

key： (B)，應改成 in which or where，where = in which

詳析：1. the South Pacific 其實是 the South Pacific (Ocean)

單字：1. spoil (過去分詞： spoilt) 溺愛、搞糟

              to have a bad effect on something so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful etc

              to give a child everything they want, or let them do whatever they want, often with the result that they behave badly

10. The detached historical judgement of James Rhodes was so warmly received by critics that earned him a place in the academic circles.

key： (C)，__so ... that ...__ 的 that 是 adv 子句 conj，adv 子句需結構完整，應改成 that it earned

詳析：

單字：1. detached 不帶感情的;公平的;超然的;客觀的

              exhibiting an aloof objectivity usually free from prejudice or self-interest

          2. earn sb. sth.: it earned him a place

              if your actions or qualities earn you something, they make you deserve to have it

          2. circle:...界 (academic circle 學術界)

              a group of people who know each other and meet regularly, or who have similar interests or jobs

11. In Scotland, there exists open moorland ______.

     (A) in which deer live     (B) whcich deer live     (C) living them where     (D) where do deer live

key： (A)，in which = where

詳析：1. deer 單複數同形

單字：1. moorland 荒野;高沼地

              wild open countryside covered with rough grass and low bushes

12. Who among us has not wondered whether is there extraterrestrial life on planets similar to __the Earth__?

key： (B)，conj 後不能任意倒裝

詳析：1. whether 引導名詞子句，conj 後不能任意倒裝

單字：1. extraterrestrial life E.T. (extra-terrestrial)

13. A critical question with which are anthropologists primarily concerned is "__How__ have different physical types of people evolved?"

key： (A)，conj 後不能任意倒裝，應改成 anthropologists are

詳析：1. which 可引導 N 子句，其後結構完整，conj 後不能任意倒裝

          2. anthropologists are primarily concerned 為被動態，結構已完整

          3. quotation mark，"..." 裡則可亂搞

          4. S(A critical question) with 名詞子句(當 with 之 O) + V(is) + SC("...")

單字：1. anthropologist 人類學者

14. Not all economists are rich or powerful, ______ of wealth the principal objective of the discipline of economics.

     (A) nor the acquisition is     (B) neither the acquisition is     (C) nor is the acquisition     (D) the acquisition is not

key： (C)，nor 才是 conj，neither 只是 adv，否定 conj 擺句首要倒裝

詳析：1. 後半句若以肯定形式還原： the acquisition of wealth is the principal objecttive of the displine of economics.

          2. nor 是 conj； neither 是 adv

單字：1. acquisition 獲得,取得

              the act of getting land, power, money

              the process by which you gain knowledge or learn a skill

          2. principal 主要的,首要的,最重要的、校長 (principle: 原則;原理)

              most important

15. A eclipse of the Sun occurs as the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun.

key： (A)，eclipse，應改成 An

詳析：1. the Sun, the Moon, the Earth，都要加 the

          2. as 在此當 conj，表時間的 adv 子句

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16. Hieroglyphics, a ancient language invented by Egyptians about 5000 years ago, used picture-like symbols for words.

key： (A)，ancient，應改成 an

詳析：1. an ancient language ... 插入語是主詞(Hieroglyphics)的同位語

          2. S(Hieroglyphics), S 同位語, V(used) O(picture-like symbols) ...

單字：1. hieroglyphics 象形文字

17. With a daring style, an unorthodox orchestra, and a innovative musical devices, Duke Ellington received a universal appeal.

key： (C)，innovative，應改成 an

詳析：1. With ... 是 prep 片語，不是 basic element

          2. an unorthodox orchestra 是 a daring style 的同位語，

          3. (With a daring style and an innovative devices), S(Duke) + V (received) + O(a universal appeal)

          4. universal: [ju]，非母音，不用 an

單字：1. daring 大膽的,勇敢的;敢於冒險的

              involving a lot of risk or danger, or brave enough to do risky things

          2. unorthodox 非正統的;非主流的

              unorthodox opinions or methods are different from what is usual or accepted by most people

          3. orchestra 管弦樂團

              a large group of musicians playing many different kinds of instruments and led by a conductor

          4. receive a universal appeal

18. With very bending backbones to help them run fast, cheetahs can sprint at over 60 miles a hour.

key： (D)，hour 的 h 不發音，是母音開頭，應改成 an

詳析：1. With ..._ 是 prep 片語，不是 basic element

          2. S(cheetahs) + V(can sprint) ...

          3. 前半句的 them 是代稱 cheetahs

單字：1. cheetah 印度豹

          2. sprint 奮力而跑;衝刺

              to run very fast for a short distance

19. A light year is an unit of length at which a ray of light travels in one __year__.

key： (A)，unit: [ju]，非母音，不用 an，應改成 a

詳析：1. which 引導 adj 子句 修飾 unit of length，prep + O 可提前

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20. Bats have an unique way of "seeing" objectives; they use the echoes of sounds to detect, locate and catch their prey.

key： (A)，unique: [ju]，非母音，不用 an，應改成 a

詳析：

單字：1. prey 被捕食的動物

              an animal, bird etc that is hunted and eaten by another animal

21. Born in Thetford, England, Thomas Paine received little formal education and spent first 37 years of his life in __poverty__.

key： (C)，要限定是「前 37 年」，應改成 the first

詳析：1. Born in Thetford, England 可以視作主詞同位語

          2. education: 抽象名詞，不可數單數

          3. poverty: 抽象名詞，不可數單數

單字：1. receive little formal education

22. James Watt's steam engine marked the begining of the Industrial Revolution and changed shape of the nineteeenth century.

key： (C)，shape 是單數普通名詞，需加冠詞，of 前後通常需限定 (or 複數)，應改成 the shape

詳析：1. begining: 抽象名詞，不可數單數

          2. shape: 普通名詞，可數

          3. the 19th century

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23. Large heads of owls are joined to the body in such way that they appear to have no necks.

key： (C)，way 是單數普通名詞，需加冠詞，應改成 such a way

詳析：1. 一般冠詞是擺在 adj 之前，但遇到 __such ... that ...__ 強調句型，則形容詞 such 置於冠詞之前

單字：1. appear 似乎,看來好像 (seem)

              used to say how something seems, especially from what you know about it or from what you can see

              appear to be something

              appear to do something

              it appears (that)

24. There are many different kinds of mammal__, __and they all have certain traits.

key： (B)，mammal 為普通名詞，且前面已經是 many different kinds，應改成複數: mammals

詳析：1. There is 、 There are 句型其 S 並非 "there"，是 is 還是 are 是看其後所接之名詞的單複數，本句: kinds，所以 are 沒錯

單字：1. trait 特徵,特點,特性

              a particular quality in someone's character

25. The giant squid is a large invertebrate who can grow to over 14 meters long.

key： (C)，修飾的是 the giant squid，非人，應改成 which

詳析：1. long，度量衡 adj，放 N 後面

單字：1. squid 烏賊

26. Animals are different from other living __things__, such as __plant__.

key： (D)，plant 為普通名詞，應加複數或加冠詞，依本句前面名詞: animals, things 都為複數，應改成 plants

詳析：1. animal, thing, plant 皆為 普通名詞

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27. B.F. Skinner, in his classic experiment with rats, found that a hungry rat can be taught to press given bar for __food and water__.

key： (C)，given 當 adj，bar 是單數普通名詞，需加冠詞，應改成 a given

詳析：1. in his classic experiment ... 只是插入語

          2. experiment: 單數普通名詞，所有格 his 也有限定的功能

          3. food, water: 物質名詞，不可數單數，可不加冠詞，也可加 the 予以限定

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28. There are two type of alcohol used as fuels: ethanol, produced from __corn__, and methanol, produced from __coal__.

key： (A)，type 為單數普通名詞，需加冠詞或加複數，前面有 two，應加複數 types

詳析：1. fuel: 普通名詞

          2. alcohol, ethanlol, methanol，chemical compound，物質名詞，不可數單數

          3. corn, coal，由土壤孕育出的，物質名詞，不可數單數

          4. 兩個 produced from ... 都可以視作adj 子句減化的結果，省略 which is

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29. ______ life first appeared over 3500 million years ago, it was in the form of simple single celled plants.

     (A) How     (B) Why     (C) When     (D) That

key： (C)，有 appeared, was 兩組動詞，需 conj，(A)(B)(D) 引導名詞子句，在本句沒有可扮演的角色，when 則引導表時間副詞子句

詳析：1. appeared 可當 linking-verb(不完全 Vi)或完全 Vi

          2. life，具抽象意味，抽象名詞，不可數單數

單字：1. in the form of

30. It is wood, not metal and stone ______ has always been the chief material for making furniture.

     (A) where     (B) until     (C) when     (D) that

key： (D)，__It is ... that ...__ 強調句型

詳析：1. not metal and stone 不過是插入語，__It is ... that ...__ 強調句型還原: Wood has always been the chief material for making furniture.

          2. wood, metal, stone，由土壤孕育出，物質名詞，不可數單數

          3. furniture: 抽象名詞，不可數單數

單字：