31. Whales__, largest mammals in the world, must come up to the __surface of the water to breath __airs__.
key： (D)，air: 物質名詞，不可數單數，應改成 air
詳析：1. largest mammals in the world 是 主詞 whales 的同位語
2. __... of ...__ 通常都要有 the 限定
3. mammal: 普通名詞
4. water: 物質名詞
單字：
32. In July 1847 Brigham Young reached ______ desert of Utah
where good soil for cultivating crops was limited and the climate is inhospitable.
(A) that the (B) that was the (C) where the (D) the
key： (D)，已有關係副詞 where，不需 conj
詳析：1. desert 不當專有名詞時 (...大沙漠) 即為普通名詞，可數
2. soil: 物質名詞，不可數單數
3. crop: 普通名詞，可數
4. climate: 抽象名詞，不可數單數
單字：1. inhospitable 荒涼的;不適居留的
an inhospitable place is difficult to live or stay in because the weather conditions are unpleasant or there is no shelter
33. The two main branch of economics are macroeconomics and microeconomics.
key： (B)，branch，普通名詞，可數，兩個以上應加複數，應改成 branches
詳析：1. economics, macroeconomics, microeconomics: 科目名稱，-ics，抽象名詞，不可數單數
單字：1. macroeconomics 總體經濟學
2. microeconomics 個體經濟學
34. In an age where most women's education stopped with music and drawing__, Marie Curie devoted her life __to scientific research.
key： (A)，修飾 age，時間，不能用 where，應改成 when
詳析：1. In an age ... 是 prep 片，不是 basic element
2. education, drawing: 抽象名詞，不可數單數
3. devote your time/energy/attention/... to something
單字：
35. Both rain or wind wear away the land, in a process that is known as __erosion__.
key： (A)，both A and B，應改成 and
詳析：1. rain, wind: 物質名詞，不可數單數
2. land, process: 普通名詞，可數
3. erosion: V-sion，抽象名詞，不可數單數 (V: erode)
單字：1. wear 穿破,磨損,磨出;沖刷;沖蝕
to become thinner or weaker after continuous use, or to make something do this
wear away: to gradually become thinner or smoother, or to make something become like this, because of rubbing or touching
2. erosion 侵蝕;腐蝕 (erode)
the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
36. Statistic and logic are the bases of any systematic study in any field of __knowledge__.
key： (A)，應改成 Statistics
詳析：1. Statistics, logic: 科目名稱，抽象名詞，不可數單數，兩個抽象名詞 and 後也是複數
2. study, knowledge: 抽象名詞，不可數單數
3. base, field: 普通名詞，可數
單字：
37. Thank to Pasteur and techniques of vaccination, death caused by microbes is a thing of the past.
key： (A)，__Thanks to ...__，是既定的 prep 片語，表因為...
詳析：1. Thanks 當名詞，只有 Thanks 這樣的形式，屬社交、客套用語，集合名詞，可數已複數
2. technique 轉化為普通名詞，techniques 表各種技術
3. vaccination: V-tion，抽象名詞，不可數單數
4. death: 抽象名詞，不可數單數
5. microbe, thing: 普通名詞，可數
6. the past 常用用法，past 應屬抽象名詞
單字：1. vaccination 種痘;接種 (vaccinate)
to protect a person or animal from a disease by giving them a vaccine
38. The Statue of Liberty, with inscription welcoming the poor and homeless of the world to the shore, symbolizing the spirit of "the land of opportunities."
key： (C)，整個句子缺動詞，應改成 symbolizes
詳析：1. with ... 是 prep 片語，不是 basic element
2. inscription 當碑文、塑像上的「文字」解，為抽象名詞 (V-tion)，不可數單數
3. welcoming ... 可視作是 adj 子句減化的結果，省略 which is
4. the + adj: 集合名詞，可數已複數: the poor, the homeless, the rich, ...
5. spirit, world: 抽象名詞，不可數單數
6. statue: 普通名詞，可數
7. shore: 物質名詞，不可數單數 (shore 亦可轉化為普通名詞)
單字：1. the Statue of Liberty 自由女神像
2. inscription 銘刻;銘文;碑文;(鑄幣等上的)刻印文字 (inscribe)
3. shore (以海岸為界的)國家;岸,濱;
a country that has a border on the sea
39. The Quakers, a religious group__, preached the evils of __slaveries in the 1800's.
key： (C)，slavery，制度，抽象名詞，不可數單數，應改成 slavery
詳析：1. the + 國家/種族/宗教: 集合名詞，可數已複數
2. __a religious group__，主詞之同位語，雖文法上單複數不同，但意義上數量同(the Quakers → a group)...
3. evil: 抽象名詞，不可數單數，但此處轉化為普通名詞，evils 表各種弊害、弊病
4. 年份不要加 the，年代才要: the 1800's
單字：1. the Quakers 貴格會教徒;教友派信徒
2. preach 鼓吹;反復灌輸
to talk about how good or important something is and try to persuade other people about this
3. evil 弊害,弊病
something that is very bad or harmful
40. In the invasion of France that began in Normandy in June 1944, the General George Patton displayed great __courage__, daring and ruthlessness.
key： (C)，General 在此當專有名詞，不加冠詞，應改成 General
詳析：1. __that began ...__，adj 子句，修飾 invasion
2. invasion: V-sion，抽象名詞，不可數單數 (invade)
3. in + 月份: in June 1944
4. courage, daring, ruthlessness: 抽象名詞，不可數單數
單字：1. invasion 入侵,侵略
when the army of one country enters another country by force, in order to take control of it
invasion of Normandy 諾曼第登陸
2. daring 勇氣,膽量 (dare)
involving a lot of risk or danger, or brave enough to do risky things
2. ruthelessness 堅決,無情;冷酷 (ruth: (N.) 同情； ruthless: (adj.) 堅決的,無情)
determined and firm when making unpleasant decisions
41. In Asian countries__, __the grain of rice constitutes major source of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins.
key： (C)，source: 普通名詞，__... of ...__ 通常需加 the 予以限定，應改成 the major
詳析：1. country: 普通名詞，可數 (亦可轉化為抽象名詞 ，「(具有某種地理特點的)區域」)
2. grain: 穀物，集合名詞，可數已複數(亦可轉化為普通名詞，「穀粒、一粒」)
3. rice: 物質名詞，不可數單數
4. carbohydrate, protein, fat, mineral, vitamin: 物質名詞，但在此轉化為普通名詞，表「各式各樣的...」
單字：1. grain 穀物,穀類 (集合名詞)
the seeds of crops such as corn, wheat, or rice that are gathered for use as food, or these crops themselves
42. Nature has provided us with ability to grow many crops, ______ our job to turn nature's abundance into usable feeds and foods.
(A) it is (B) that it is (C) however it is (D) but it is
key： (D)，兩個子句，需有 conj 連接，後半句為「it 當虛主詞」句型
詳析：1. nature, ability, abundance: 抽象名詞
2. feed, food: 物質名詞，但在此轉化為普通名詞，feeds, foods表「各式各樣的...」
3. however 是 adv.
43. After Homer's death, his paintings, and in particular his watercolors__, __continuing to command rapidly mounting prices
as collectors and the nation's leading museums vied for his best __works__.
key： (B)，主要子句缺動詞，應改成 continued
詳析：1. After ... 是 prep 片語，不是 basic element
2. as 引導表時間的 adv 子句 (while)
3. S(his paintings) + V(continued) + ...
4. death: 抽象名詞，不可數單數
5. painting, watercolor, work, price: 抽象名詞，但在此轉化為普通名詞，表「一件件...」
6. collector, museum: 普通名詞，可數
單字：1. command 擁有
to get something such as respect or attention because you do something well or are important or popular
command a high fee/wage/price/...
2. mounting 攀升的
gradually increasing - often used about things that cause problems or trouble
3. vied (vie 的過去式、過去分詞，現在分詞是 vying) 爭;競爭
to compete very hard with someone in order to get something
vie for
4. in particular
44. In 1796 Oliver Ellsworth being appointed by President John Adams to the Supreme Court and became a justice.
key： (A)，被動態，應改成 was
詳析：1. President 本為普通名詞，在此轉化為抽象名詞，表「職稱」
2. the Supreme Court 各州都有，超過兩個，需加冠詞
3. justice: 抽象名詞，在此轉化為普通名詞，表法官
4. 年份不要加 the，年代才要
單字：1. appointed 任命,指派
to choose someone for a position or a job
appoint somebody to something, appoint somebody to do something, appoint (somebody) as something
be appointed to ... 被派任為...
2. the Superme Court 聯邦或大多數州的最高法院
3. justice 法官
4. Superme Court Justice 大法官
45. Resources used to produce goods and services are classified into four __categories__: land, __labors__, capital and enterpreneurial ability.
key： (D)，labor: 職業，抽象名詞，不可數單數
詳析：1. resource: 物質名詞，在此轉化為普通名詞，表「各種資源」 (也多是複數形)
2. goods: 集合名詞，可數已複數
3. service, category: 普通名詞，可數
4. land: 物質名詞
5. capital, ability: 抽象名詞
單字：1. 產品:
goods 集合名詞，(製造業的)
service 普通名詞 (服務業的)
product 普通名詞
merchandise 抽象名詞
46. Social psychology studies the ways two or more peoples act on one another.
key： (C)，people: 集合名詞，可數已複數，不需再加複數，應改成 people
詳析：1. psychology: 科目名稱，抽象名詞，不可數單數
2. way: 普通名詞，可數
3. one another: 3 者以上互相
單字：
47. Social psychologists are interested in the kinds of surrounding circumstances that encourage an individual to converse with another __people__.
key： (D)，another 只能接可數單數名詞，應改成 person
詳析：1. circumstance: 抽象名詞，但在此轉化為普通名詞，circumstances 表「各種情況」 (circumstances 也比較常見)
2. psycologist, kind, individual: 普通名詞
單字：1. converse with 交談,談話
to have a conversation with someone
48. North American Indians had been cultivating tobacco in the sandy, red soil of Southwest for centuries before the English first arrived in the early 1600's.
key： (B)，the + 方向(名詞)
詳析：1. tobacco, soil: 物質名詞
2. Southwest: 抽象名詞
3. century: 普通名詞
4. the + 國家/種族/宗教: 集合名詞
5. 年份不要加the，年代才要: in the early 1600's
單字：
49. The eruption of the Mount Saint Helens took the lives of 64 people in the vicinity of the mountains.
key： (B)，Mount Saint Helens，名字在後，不加 the，
但若名字在前則要加 the: the Saint Helens Mountain (限定 mountain)
詳析：1. eruption: V-tion，抽象名詞 (erupt)
2. life: 抽象名詞，但在此處轉化為普通名詞，表「一條條人命」
3. vicinity: 抽象名詞
4. mountain: 普通名詞
單字：1. in the vicinity (of something) 在...附近
in the area around a particular place
50. Only about two hours by car from downtown Manhattan lies the Fire Island, popular vacation resorts for city-weary New Yorkers.
key： (D)，它是受詞 ther Fire Island 的同位語，數量要同，應改成 a popular resort
詳析：1. by car，交通方式，car 由普通名詞轉化為抽象名詞，表交通工具
2. Only about 2 hours by car from downtown 是 prep 片語，不是 basic element
3. S(Manhattan) + V(lies) + O(the Fire Island)
單字：1. resort 常去的休閒度假之處;名勝
a place where a lot of people go for holidays
2. downtown 城市商業區,鬧區 (downtown Nek York)
to or in the centre or main business area of a town or city
3. lie 位於
if a town, village, etc lies in a particular place, it is in that place
4. weary 疲倦的,疲勞的;厭倦的
city-weary 厭倦都市的
51. In Utah, cocktails and wine can be consumed in public only during a meat at a restaurant, in addition beer is the only alcoholic beverage served in public bars.
key： (C)，in addition 只是 prep，還不足以連接兩個子句，應改成 and in addition
詳析：1. cocktail: 普通名詞 (人為加工的，多為普通名詞)
2. meat, restaurant, beverage, bar: 普通名詞
3. wine, beer: 物質名詞
4. public: 抽象名詞
單字：1. in addition, in addition to something
2. beverage 飲料
a hot or cold drink
52. Considered the leading American educational __thinker__,
John Dewey was also at various time__, president of the American Psycological Association __and American Philosophical Society.
key： (B)，time: 抽象名詞，但在此轉化為普通名詞，表「次數」，應改成 times
詳析：1. Considered ... 可視作 adj 子句減化的結果，省略 who is，修飾 John Dewey
2. president: 普通名詞，在此轉化為抽象名詞，表「抽象職稱」
3. time: 抽象名詞: 時間,年代,時代 普通名詞: 次數,倍數
單字：1. society 社團,協會,公會,俱樂部
a particular large group of people who share laws, organizations, customs etc
53. The art of Issamu Noguchi naturally extended into the environment, using such materials as __the stone__, terracotta and __plastic__.
key： (C)，stone: 物質名詞，在本題並無限定需要，不需加 the，應改成 stone
詳析：1. terracotta, plastic: 物質名詞
2. S V1 and V2 → S V1, V2-ing
單字：1. terracotta 赤陶 (terr-: 土)
54. For centuries whales were abundant in the waters off the Alaskan coast; however, their isolated sanctuary was invaded in the 1845 by an American whaling ship.
key： (C)，年份不用加 the，應改成 1845
詳析：1. whale, ship, sanctuary: 普通名詞
2. waters 當水域解，為集合名詞
3. coast: 抽象名詞
單字：1. off 在 ... 的海上, 在 ... 之外
2. sanctuary 庇護所,避難所
an area for birds or animals where they are protected and cannot be hunted
3. invade 侵入,侵略
to enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order to take control of it
4. whaling 捕鯨;捕鯨業
55. At the request of the president, the Joint Chiefs of Staff will meet the next week to discuss foreign __policies__.
key： (C)，next week, next year 通常不加 the，應刪去
詳析：
單字：1. the Joint Chiefs of Staff (聯合參謀？)
the leaders of the four main parts of the US military forces, the Army, the Navy, the Airforce, and the Marines
2. at the request of the president
56. As a Latin American democracy in the early 1960's, Venezuela was the site that Kennedy choosing to initiate his Alliance for Progress.
key： (D)，adj 子句裡缺少動詞，應改成 chose (choose 的過去式)
詳析：1. As ... 是 prep 片，不是 basic element
2. democracy: 抽象名詞，在此轉化為普通名詞，表「民主國家」
3. 年份不要加 the，年代才要: in the early 1960's
4. that 引導 adj 子句，在該子句中扮演受詞角色，還原: Kennedy chose that to initiate his ...
單字：
57. In Frontierland, a section of Disney World, Wild West of the nineteenth century comes __alive__.
key： (A)，the + 方向(名詞)，應改成 the Wild West
詳析：1. a section of Disney World 是 Frontierland 的同位語
2. the 19th century
單字：1. frontier (探索活動的)新領域;未完全開拓的領域; 邊疆
an area where people have never lived before, that not much is known about, especially in the western US before the 20th century
58. After he succeeded in the business of naval ships,
industrialists Thomas Watson retired from his company to spend the rest of his life occupied with his personal interests.
key： (B)，industrialist: 普通名詞，但在此轉化為抽象名詞，表「抽象職稱」，應改成 industrialist
詳析：1. After ... 是 prep 片語，不是 basic element
2. occupied with ... 是 adj 子句減化的結果，省略 which is
3. bussiness, rest, life: 抽象名詞
4. company, interest: 普通名詞 (company 是感覺起來像複數，實際是單數的名詞)
單字：
59. Nicotine and carbon monoxide contained in cigarette smoke are responsible for heart disease, the primary causes of death among __smokers__.
key： (C)，該插入句是 heart disease 的同位語，數量應同，應改成 cause
詳析：1. nicotine, carbon monoxide: chemical compound，物質名詞
2. cigarette, cause: 普通名詞
3. disease, death: 抽象名詞
單字：1. nicotine 尼古丁
60. Americans believed that competition is the means which other basic American values
such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.
key： (B)，which 引導 adj 子句，但 protected 為 Vi，子句結構完整，則考慮 prep + O 提前，應改成 by which
詳析：1. means: 不規則名詞(單複數同形)
2. value: 抽象名詞，但在此轉化為普通名詞，表「種種價值」
3. competition, freedom, equality, work: 抽象名詞
4. opportunity: 普通名詞
單字：
61. Since 1973, Australian naturalists Neville Coleman has found 60 species of fish never documented at Lord Howe Island.
key： (A)，naturalist: 普通名詞，但此處轉化為抽象名詞，表「抽象職稱」，應改成 naturalist
詳析：1. species: 不規則名詞(單複數同形)
2. fish: 集合名詞
3. never documented ... 是 adj 子句減化 的結果，省略 which are
單字：
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