Honesty vs. ETS

 

Grammar_Chen_ch3

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Chap 3 Verb

  1. Verb 之分類及其句型
    1. Vt
      1. 完全 Vt: S + Vt + O
      2. 不完全 Vt: S + Vt + O + OC
      3. 雙重 O Vt: |S + Vt + O假 + O真 or S + Vt + O真 + prep + O假
    2. Vi
      1. 完全 Vi: S + Vi (+ prep + O)
      2. 不完全 Vi: S + Vi + SC
  2. 句型剖析
    1. Vt 後面要加 O,Vi 後面不加 O
    2. Vt 後面是 O,要用受格; Vi 後面不是 O,不要用受格
    3. Vt 後面一定要有 O,沒有 O → 改「被動」Vi 因為沒有 O → 沒有「被動態」
    4. 已變成「被動態」,後面不太可能接 O or N,除非:
      1. 雙重 O 之被動
      2. 不完全 Vt 之被動
    5. 一些會接 prep 的完全 Vt 與不完全 Vt 之句型比較
  3. 注意事項
    1. 一詞多性 (通常一個 V 不會只是 Vt or Vi,而可能都是,但意思不同)
    2. 意近,詞性不同
    3. 長得相像的 Verb
  4. 動詞的時態
    1. 某些情況必定要接 原形 V    (省略 should)
      1. 表 「建議」、「要求」 V 之後的子句裡
      2. 另外有些 adj 也同樣有如此特性
      3. Under the condition + that + S + (should) 原形 V
      4. 例外: 意思改變,文法也改變 (非「建議」、「要求」之意)
    2. Irregular Verb    (三態不規則)
  5. 假設語態 (與事實或預期相反)
    1. 與「現在事實」相反
    2. 與「過去事實」相反
    3. 與「未來預期」相反
    4. 注意事項
      1. if 可省,但要倒裝
      2. 不是只有 if,wish、without 也都會發生「假設語態」
      3. 不是只有上述那種「兩半互相對應」的模式,也可能:「一半真、一半假;一半現在、一半過去」
    5. 「假設語態」與「條件子句」的差別
      1. 條件子句
      2. 「條件句」的作者對事情「沒啥特定立場」;「假設語態」則能看出作者「對事情的立場」
  6. 動詞變化之後
    1. To-V
      1. To-V 當名詞可以在句中扮演: S、O、C、it 虛主虛受的真主、真受
      2. To-V 當 形容詞
      3. 使用 To-V 的句型
      4. help、感官 V、使役 V 其後的 V
    2. 動名詞只能當名詞
      1. V + Ving (動名詞),一定要接動名詞的 V
      2. V + Ving (動名詞)/To-V,意思沒差別
      3. V + Ving (動名詞)/To-V,意思不一樣
      4. 後面之 to 為 prep 的 V
      5. 有 O、沒 O 不一樣之 V
      6. N 後面接 Ving
    3. 分詞只能當形容詞
      1. adj 子句的減化
      2. adv 子句的減化
      3. 注意事項
    4. 助動詞之後要接原形動詞
      1. 注意事項

Verb 之分類及其句型

Vt

完全 VtS + Vt + O

其後接 O,O 後沒東西

ex: the sidewalk cafes resemble those of the LQ in P.

不完全 VtS + Vt + O + OC

其後接 O,O 後有 OC 修飾

ex: his parents consider him a nonachiever in everything.

      the watercolors made him famous

      they elected GAG speaker of the House

雙重 O Vt: |S + Vt + O + O
or S + Vt + O + prep + O

O在後,不需 prep;O在前,後面需 prep (O多是)

ex: my mother make me a cakemake a cake for me

      WL extended women voting rightsextended voting rights to women

      Russia sold the U.S. Alaskasold Alaska to the U.S.

      He told the students that ...told that ... to the students

      We awarded Curie the 1911 NPawarded the 1911 NP to Curie

 

Vi

完全 ViS + Vi (+ prep + O)

不接 O,或先接 prep 再接 O

ex: A layer of impervious clay interferes with __the development__. (先接 prep 再接 O)

      a hang glider takes off (Vi 片語,沒有接 O)

      passengers almost tripled between 1977 and 1990 (沒有接 O)

不完全 ViS + Vi + SC

不接 O,而是接 SC 修飾 S

又稱 linking verb,種類大致有:

  • be-V
  • 感官 V: look, smell, taste, sound, feel, ...
  • 其他: remain, become, seem, appear, rank, weigh, ...

    (依《旋元佑文法》該書說法,此類 V 多隱含有 「...是」這樣的意思)

ex: the situation looked so serious

      WM's style remained realistic

      It was he who invented ... that ... (he 那個位置是 SC,不是 O → 用「主格」)

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句型剖析

Vt 後面要加 O,Vi 後面不加 O

只要是 Vt,不管是完全 Vt不完全 Vt雙重 O Vt後面都有 O

Vi 則除了一些完全 Vi加 prep 加 O,否則不會有 O

Vt 後面是 O,要用受格; Vi 後面不是 O,不要用受格

不完全 Vi 後若有 N (SC),必不用受格 (但 S + Vi + prep + O要用受格)

Vt 後面一定要有 O,沒有 O → 改「被動」

Vi 因為沒有 O → 沒有「被動態」

已變成「被動態」,後面不太可能接 O or N,除非:

雙重 O 之被動

  • S + Vt + O + O   →   O + be Vt-ed + (by S) + O
  • S + Vt + O + prep + O   →   O + be Vt-ed + (by S) + prep + O

    ex: We awarded sb. sth.   →   sb. was awarded sth.

          We awarded sth. to sb.   →    sth. was awarded to sb.

不完全 Vt 之被動

  • S + Vt + O + OC   →    O + be Vt-ed + (by S) + OC (OC 可能是 N)

    ex: HJ is considered a master of modern literature.

一些會接 prep 的完全 Vt不完全 Vt 之句型比較

  • 接 prep 的完全 Vt: We regard A as B   →    A is regard as B (有 prep)

    ex: We know/regard/chracterize/see/view/describr O as N

  • 不完全 Vt: We consider A B   →    A is considered B (沒有 prep)

    ex: We consider/call O N(OC)

要知 V 的性質,才能知要不要 prep,不能由意思

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注意事項

一詞多性 (通常一個 V 不會只是 Vt or Vi,而可能都是,但意思不同)

  • believe

    Vt: 相信: Many scientists believe that ...

    Vi: 信仰、信任believe in God

  • attend

    Vt: 參加、參與: I attended CMU for 2 years ...

    Vi: 招呼、照顧attend to children

  • grow

    Vt: 種植: grow crops on all their land

    Vi: 成長: plants could grow better

  • prove

    Vt: 證明: I can prove it.

    不完全 Vi: 證實是: It proved true.

  • weigh

    Vt: 秤...的重量: weigh oneself on the scale

    不完全 Vi: 重達 ...: it weighs 100 pounds.

  • damage/harm

    N: do harm / cause damage to sb./sth. ex: do no harm to ...

         do sb./sth harmcause sb./sth. damage

    Vt: harm/damage + sb./sth. ex: don't harm ...

 

意近,詞性不同

  • live in (Vi) ←→ inhabit (Vt)
  • consist of (Vi) ←→ composeinclude (Vt)       (compose被動is composed of)
  • result inresult from (Vi) ←→ attributeto (Vt)       (attributeto被動is attributed (by 人) to)

    result 還可當 N: result of ...

 

長得相像的 Verb

  • Vilie lay lain 躺在...

    Vtlay laid laid 放在...

  • Virise rose risen 往上升

    Vtraise raised raised 提起

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動詞的時態

                 過去               過去               現在

——————╳——————╳——————╳——————

  • 發生在現在 or 是一種常態現在簡單式
  • 發生在過去 or 過去的一段時間過去簡單式
  • 從過去某點到現在現在完成式
  • 過去的過去過去完成式
  1. 過去來講的未來would;對現在來講的未來will
  2. 除非對真的在進行中不要亂用進行式
  3. since 1984(prep), since + S + V (conj), ever since (adv)

    出現這些 since 時,大多是表「自從」,也就是從過去某點到現在,所以大多需要使用現在完成式

    不過,要注意的是 since 是指時間上的一點,不是一段

    ex: Since For over 1000 years, Alaskan Eskimos have developed ......

          (since 是指時間上的一點,而 over 1000 years 則是一段時間)

          → 不只 sincefor (......以來) 也可能接現在完成式

  4. 表時間的 adv 子句、條件句現在式未來式主要子句保持未來式

    ex1: I will go to N.Y. before you return from Taipei next week.__

          (主要子句保持未來式)    (雖然 next week未來時間,但表時間的 adv 子句以現在式代未來式)

    ex2: __If foreign investors expect to take currency losses on ... , they will be reluctant to tend to the U.S. ...__

          (表時間的條件句以現在式代未來式)                                           (主要子句保持未來式)

    ex3: __By the time I get ... , she will ...__

    ex4: __What will the U.S. be like __when whites are no longer the majority?__

某些情況必定要接 原形 V    (省略 should)

「建議」「要求」 V 之後的子句裡

suggest/recommend/ask/require/demand/insist/urge + that + S + (should) 原形 V

另外有些 adj 也同樣有如此特性

It is + important/necessary/essential/vital/desirable that + S + (should) 原形 V

Under the condition + that + S + (should) 原形 V

例外: 意思改變,文法也改變 (非「建議」、「要求」之意)

ex: E suggested in his theory of relativity that rays of light passing through space followed a curved line.

      (此之 suggest 由文意來看已非「建議」「意思改變,文法也改變」,所以後面的 followed 不用原形)

Irregular Verb    (三態不規則)

  • find found found (發現)

    found founded founded (建立)

  • build built built
  • fly flew flow
  • 三態同形: cut, cost, hit, let, hurt, set, ...

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假設語態 (與事實預期相反)

「現在事實」相反

if S + V/were ..., S + would/could/should/might + V0

「過去事實」相反

if S + had + Vpp ..., S + would/could/should/might + have Vpp

「未來預期」相反

if S + were to/should + V0 ..., S + would/could/should/might + V0

注意事項

if 可省,但要倒裝

  • were S ..., ......
  • Had S Vpp..., ......
  • Were S to V0..., ......

    Should S V0..., ......

不是只有 ifwishwithout 也都會發生「假設語態」

ex1: The total demand of A today would be vastly less without having KAC Corporation and RM company.

ex2: The Sun is like a huge furnance giving off heat and light and, without it, the air would be too cold for ......

不是只有上述那種「兩半互相對應」的模式,也可能:「一半真、一半假;一半現在、一半過去」

那麼就得尋找時間 adv or 看懂句子意思,才能確定兩半各是什麼時態

ex1: Janet wishes that we had not given her the ... yesterday__(過去時間), because she __is (現在時間)on diet.

       (第一句:過去時間,與事實相反 → 過去完成)

       (第二句:現在時間,符合事實 → 現在簡單)

       (不是只有 if,wish 也可能發生假設語態)

ex2: If Industrial Revolution had occurred __a thousand years ago__(過去時間), would the nations be more advanced in technology than they are __now__(現在時間).

       (第一句:過去時間,與事實相反 → 過去完成)

       (第二句:現在時間,與事實相反 → would)

「假設語態」與「條件子句」的差別

條件子句

  • if 現, 現
  • if 過, 過
  • if , 未 (「表時間的 adv 子句」、「條件句」:以現在式代未來式,主要子句保持未來式)

    而「假設語態」則很多樣

「條件句」的作者對事情「沒啥特定立場」;「假設語態」則能看出作者「對事情的立場」

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動詞變化之後

Nadj
To-VVV
動名詞VX
分詞XV

To-V

To-V 當名詞可以在句中扮演: SOCit 虛主虛受的真主、真受

(但要注意的是,To-V 不能當 prep 之 O,除非在 to 前加 wh-,形成 N 片語)

To-V 當 形容詞

  • N to-V: he was the first man to go into space (to-V 修飾前之 N)
  • To-V , S + V: To supply a high ..., the farmers need to ... (To-V 表 S 之「目的」、「結果」,修飾 S)

使用 To-V 的句型

  • V1 to V2: We tried not to bother you. (not 要放在 to 之前)

    S V1 and V2 ... 句型的比較:

    : V1、V2 都發生在 S 上

    V1 and V2: V1、V2 沒有關連;V1 to V2: 通常指 V1 的目的、結果是作 V2

  • enough to V: contain enough (adj) water to fill the lake

                           save enough (pron) to meet ......

  • too ... to V: the air would be too much cold for anything to live on the Earth.
  • be likely to V: they are not likely to become better off than they are now.
  • be able to V: Unless managers are able to improve the productivity ......
  • adj to Vhappy, pleased, delighted, ... (跟情緒有關)
  • N to Veffort, attempt, endeavor, incability, ...

help感官 V使役 V 其後的 V

  • help + O + (to) + Vhelp him form his theories (to 幾乎都省略)
  • 感官 V + O + V/Ving (Ving 強調進行中): I smell something burning.

    感官 V: look, smell, watch, ...

  • 使役 V + O + V(主動)/Vpp(被動): have the police arrest him(主動)、have their basic needs satisfied(被動)

    使役 V: make, have, ...

動名詞只能當名詞

動名詞當名詞,可在句中擔任: S, O, C, 同位語

To-V 不能當 prep 之 O (除非加 wh- 形成 N 片語),動名詞可以當 prep 之 O,但不能當 it 虛主虛受之真主真受

V + Ving (動名詞),一定要接動名詞的 V

admit/deny, appreciate/resent, quit/give up, consider/contemplate, enjoy/relish, justify/warrant, spend (in), avoid, postpone, mind, finish, fancy, favor, ...

V + Ving (動名詞)/To-V,意思沒差別

begin, start, continue, plan, prefer, neglect, (dis)like, dread, ...

V + Ving (動名詞)/To-V,意思不一樣

  • stop + Ving (停止做某事)

    stop + to-V (停下來,去做某事)

  • remember + Ving (記得曾做過...)

    remember + to-V (記得去做...)

  • try + Ving (試試看...)

    try + to-V (努力...)

後面之 toprep 的 V

  • object + to(prep.) + Ving
  • devote + to(prep.) + Ving
  • commit + to(prep.) + Ving
  • look forward to(prep.) + Ving
  • be accustomed to(prep.) + Ving
  • be used to(prep.) + Ving 習慣...

    be used to V 被用作...(被動態)

    used to(助 V) V 過去都...

有 O、沒 O 不一樣之 V

  • 有 Oallow/permit + O + to-V

    ex: We are permitted to enter ... (此句為被動態,不是沒有 O → 要用 to-V)

  • 沒 Oallow/permit + Ving

N 後面接 Ving

have + difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun + Ving

分詞只能當形容詞

分詞當形容詞大多與 adj 子句adv 子句 的減化有關

adj 子句的減化

N + 關代 + V ...

關代,V 改分詞: Ving (主動)、Vpp (被動)N + 關代 + Ving/Vpp ...

N + Ving/Vpp ... (分詞部分修飾 N)

ex1: 人 who base theory on ... → 人 basing theory on ...

ex2: Theory which is based on ... → Theory based on ...

adv 子句的減化

__When S1 V1 ...__, S2 V2 ...

保留 adv 子句 conj,S1, S2 同一個,省略 S1V1 改分詞:Ving (主動)、Vpp (被動)When S1 V1ing/V1pp, S2 V2 ...

When V1ing/V1pp, S2 V2 ...

注意事項

  • 若減化之 V 為 be 動詞直接省去,只留下 C
    • Although (it was) not completely satisfactory, ...
    • No matter how nutritious (it is), ... (no matter how 倒裝)
    • ..., if (it is) available in greater amounts
  • 分詞當形容詞大多放在 N 之後,但以下情況則在 N 之前
    • 直接當形容詞看待
    • adj 子句減化完很短,直接搬到 N 之前
  • 減化時遇到完成式,改分詞時要保留 havehaving

助動詞之後要接原形動詞

do, have, have to (must), be about ot, ought to, used to, would rather, will, can, ...

注意事項

  • do + V0 (助動詞)

    do + O (一般動詞)

  • have + Vpp (助動詞)

    have + O (一般動詞)

  • be used to Ving (表習慣,to 為 prep)

    be used to V + O (被動態,「被用作...」)

    used to V (助動詞,「過去...」)

  • would rather 有 2 種情況:
    • 無比較

      He would rather be working in a carpentry; on the other hand, his parents urge him to stay in school.

    • 有比較: that 之後也要保持原形 V

      ex1: Most visitors would rather linger on (原形 V)the beautiful island than hurry(也要保持原形 V) back to the mainland.

      ex2: He would rather have (原形 V)walked miles to borrow books than have(也要保持原形 V) stayed on his father's farm.

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