Question 01-09
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Question 10-19
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Question 20-30
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Question 31-40 How organisms react to invaders (全對！)
The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things
depends on the existences of other organisms. This interdependence is sometimes
subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straight forward dependence of one
species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things
and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic way of life is widespread. A
multitude of
microorganisms( including viruses and bacteria) and an army of
invertebrates - or creatures lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects,
and many different types of worms ) -make their livings directly at the expense of
other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of
defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.
Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as
antibiotics into their external environment. These substances are capable of killing or
inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby
eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in
defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by
disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to
ward off the invaders.
Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms
for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major
groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of "foreign"
cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms,
shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence
that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they
come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.
The ability to distinguish between "self" and "nonself", while present in all animals,
is most efficient among vertebrates__, which have __developed an immune system as their
defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign
invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.
31. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) how parasites reproduce
(B) how organisms react to invaders
(C) how antibiotics work to cure disease
(D) how the immune systems of vertebrates developed
32. The word "intricate" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) difficult
(B) widespread
(C) critical
(D) complex
33. The expression "an army" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) an illness
(B) an attack
(C) a large number
(D) a distinct type
34. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to
(A) prevent disease in humans
(B) aid digestion
(C) fight off other organisms
(D) create new types of nutrients
35.The word "vary" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) differ
(B) endure
(C) balance
(D) contribute
36. The word "they" in line 23 refers to
(A) sponges, worms and shellfish
(B) vertebrates
(C) individuals
(D) transplants
37. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue
(A) becoming a parasite
(B) being treated as an invader
(C) altering its genetic makeup
(D) developing a new immune system
38. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between "self" and "nonself" enables vertebrates to
(A) accept transplanted cells
(B) detect and react to invasion
(C) weaken their immune system
(D) get rid of antibiotics
39. All of the following ate defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) parasites(line 4)
(B) invertebrates(line7)
(C) nutrients (line14)
(D) vertebrates(line 22)
40. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses
(A) how the immune system in vertebrates fights off foreign cells
(B) different types of bacteria and lung
(C) how vertebrates and invertebrates differ
(D) examples of different groups of organisms
註釋
題解
BDCCA DBBCA
31. 本文主旨： defense mechanisms (react to invaders)
32. intricate ≒ complex
33. an army of ≒ a large number of
34. antibiotic 是為了 ward off the invaders (fight off other organisms)
35. vary ≒ differ
36. there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from ...
37. transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.
所以如果不是 genetically compatible，就不會被 accept 就會被 treated as an invader
38. The immune system recognizes(detect) and takes action against(react) foreign invaders(invasion)
39. parasites, invertebrates, vertebrates 在文中都有 同位語 加以定義解釋
40. 最後一段提到了脊椎動物的 immune system 卻還沒說完的樣子，下一段應繼續補充 immune system 部分
單字
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